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MMB > MMB (048) Practical of Normal and Abnormal Bone Growth > Flashcards

MMB (048) Practical of Normal and Abnormal Bone Growth Flashcards

1
Q

What do we call the process of laying down new bone material by osteoblasts?

A

Ossification

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2
Q

Which of the following types of bone develops out of a non-cartilage connective tissue scaffold?

A. Intramembranous

B. Endochondral

A

A. Intramembranous

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3
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A
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4
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5
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6
Q
A
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7
Q

1) Achondroplasia can cause which of the following:

A. Gigantism

B. Dwarfism

A

B. Dwarfism

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8
Q

2) Achondroplasia is a hereditary disorder with which of the following symptoms?

A. Short stature

B. Large head with prominent forehead

C. Spinal kyphosis or lordosis

D. Shortening of proximal limbs

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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9
Q

3) Most cases are caused by a mutation in …….. gene

A

FGFR3 gene

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10
Q

4) what is the most likely mode of inheritance of achrondoplasia?

A. Autosomal dominant

B. Autosomal recessive

C. Xlinked

D. Incomplete penetrance

E. Multivariant inheritance

A

A. Autosomal dominant

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11
Q

5) A person with achondroplasia has what chance of passing it along to his/her child?

A. 25%

B. 50%

C. 66%

D. 75%

E. 100%

A

B. 50%

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Which of the following processes are disturbed in achondroplasia?

A. endochondral ossification

B. intramembranous

C. peripheral ossification

A

A. Endochondral ossification

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14
Q

• The FGFR3 mutation in achondroplasia impairs cartilage proliferation at the growth plate. Which of the following explains why affected individuals have normal sized head and vertebrae but shortened limbs?”

A. Growth hormone and insulin like growth factor 1 levels only affect long bones

B. Intramembranous bone formation (flat bones) vs endochondral bone formation (long bones)

C. Flat bones are less susceptible to fracture

D.Difference in bone density

A

B. Intramembranous bone formation (flat bones) vs endochondral bone formation (long bones)

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15
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A
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16
Q

Which of the following conditions is characterized by brittle bones and predisposition to fractures?

A. Pituitary dwarfism

B. Achondroplastic dwarfism

C. Acromegaly

D. Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

D. Osteogenesis imperfecta

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17
Q

What is the genetic defect in osteogenesis imperfecta and mode of inheritance?

A

•Defects in type I collagen synthesis: mutations in genes that code for the α1 and α2 chains

•Autosomal dominant (more common)

•Autosomal recessive (severe lethal forms)

18
Q

• Which is lethal osteogenesis imperfecta?

A. Type I

B. Type II

A

B. Type II

19
Q
A
20
Q

A 2 year old boy has a history of recurrent long bone fractures. On examination, he has blue sclerae, loose joints, abnormal teeth and poor hearing. Which of the following protein, encoded by the mutated gene is responsible?

A. Collagen

B. Dystrophin

C. Fibrillin

D. Fibroblast growth factor receptor

A

A. Collagen

21
Q
A
22
Q
A
23
Q

• Which of the following disorders is characterised by growth hormone deficiency leading to affected individuals having a short stature?

A. Pituitary dwarfism

B. Achondroplastic dwarfism

C. Acromegaly

D. Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

A. Pituitary dwarfism

24
Q

Which of the following diseases is characterised by high levels of growth hormone leading to excess growth of body tissues?

A. Pituitary dwarfism

B. Achondroplastic dwarfism

C. Acromegaly

D. Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

C. Acromegaly

25
Q

Acromegaly is a syndrome that results when the anterior pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone

A. Before puberty

B. After puberty

A

B. After puberty (after epiphyseal fusion)

26
Q

• Gigantism is a syndrome that results when the anterior pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone

A. Before puberty

B. After puberty

A

A. Before puberty (before epiphyseal fusion)

27
Q

Normal formation of bone is known as osteogenesis. Another term for bone formation is

A. Osteoporosis

B. Ossification

C. Osteosarcoma

D. Osteocyte

A

B. Ossification

28
Q

Endochondral ossification begins at what age?

A. During fetal development

B. Birth

C. Puberty

D. Adulthood

A

A. During fetal development

29
Q

• Endochondral ossification ends at what age?

A. Birth

B. Puberty

C. Adulthood

D. About age 50

A

C. Adulthood

30
Q

The epiphyseal plate is the zone of

A. New growth for endochondral ossification

B. Growth in intramembranous bone

C. Growth in the skull bones only

D. Growth in the leg bones only

A

A. New growth for endochondral ossification

31
Q

• The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones.

The region where the bone grows longer is the zone of

A. Resting cartilage

B. Proliferation

C. Hypertrophy

D. Calcification

A

D. Calcification

32
Q

• The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones.

The region where chondrocytes mature and enlarge is the zone of

A. Resting cartilage

B. Proliferation

C. Hypertrophy

D. Calcification

A

C. Hypertrophy

33
Q

Intramembranous ossification results in the formation of bones that belong to which class of bones?

A. Skull and ribs

B. Ribs, clavicles, and spine

C. Flat bones of the clavicle and skull

D. Spine, skull, ribs, and scapulas

A

C. Flat bones of the skull and clavicle

34
Q

• The process of intramembranous ossification begins when?

A. During embryonic development

B. At birth

C. In the teenage years

D. Around the time of full development

A

A. During embryonic development

35
Q

The type of cells that brings about intramembranous ossification are

A. Osteocyte

B. Osteoblasts

C. Osteoclasts

D. Osteon

A

B. Osteoblasts

36
Q

Growth in the length of a long bone stops when

A. The articular cartilage becomes completely ossified.

B. The epiphyseal plate becomes completely ossified.

C. Appositional growth at the periosteum stops.

D. Intramembranous ossification is complete.

A

B. The epiphyseal plate becomes completely ossified.

37
Q
A
38
Q

• In endochondral ossification, the perichondrium that surrounded the hyaline cartilage becomes

A. Circumferential lamellae

B. Osteons

C. Lacunae

D. Perforating canals

E. Periosteum

A

E. periosteum.

39
Q

Secondary ossification centers

A. Are located in the diaphysis of the bone

B. Are located in the epiphysis of the bone

C. Are located in the fontanels

D. Appear during early fetal development

E. Are locations for intramembranous ossification

A

B. Are located in the epiphysis of the bone

40
Q

• Endochondral ossification

A. Occurs primarily in the bones of the skull

B. Involves calcification of the cartilage matrix

C. Produces bone in connective tissue membranes

D. Occurs when chondrocytes replace osteoblasts in the matrix

A

B. Involves calcification of the cartilage matrix

41
Q

Which of these bones is produced at least partly by intramembranous ossification?

A. Clavicle

B. Frontal

C. Mandible

D. Parietal

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

42
Q

• In a long bone, the epiphyseal plate is

A. Located in the center of the diaphysis

B. The outer membrane layer on the diaphysis

C. The location where growth occurs

D. Produced when the epiphyseal line changes to bone

E. The location for fat storage

A

C. The location where growth occurs

MMB (72 decks)

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