Exercise 1 Flashcards
2 categories of microscopes and DIFFERENCES (l and e)
- LIGHT
- light waves and lenses - ELECTRON
- electron beams and magnetic fields
2 types of microscope (s and c)
S
- ____ focal length
- up to _____x size
C
- how many lenses and what are these called
SIMPLE
-short
-300
COMPOUND
- 2: objective & ocular
Size of an organism considered as micro
<1 mm
2 themes of microbiology
- Basic biological sciences
- Applied biological sciences
Smallest and Largest microbe (prokaryote)
- circovirus (20nm)
- Epulopiscium fishelsoni (700 um)
Smallest microbial eukaryote
nanoflagellates (2 um)
What is the causative agent of COVID 19 and its size
SARS-CoV-2 virion (50-200nm)
5 major groups of organisms studied in microbiology
- bacteria
- algae
- fungi
- protozoa
- virus
first person to observe living microorganisms and when
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 1675
Origin of the word “microscope”
Mikros - small
Skopein - to watch/see
GREEK
Who and when was the first microscope developed
1590
Hans and Zacharias Jansen
Who observed cork cells first and when
1667
Robert Hooke
Linear Magnification vs Total magnification
LM = Objective lens only
TM = occular vs objective
Optical Magnification (and other name) VS Magnification
OM (or actual magi) = apparent size/actual size
MAGNI = process of making an object appear larger
OBJECTIVES FEATURE
distance from the CENTER OF THE LENS to the POINT where the light rays meet after reflection/refraction
Focal Point
Relationship of Focal point with Magnification
and value for each objective lens
Inverse
LPO = 16 mm
HPO = 4 mm
OIO = 1.8 mm
Limit of resolution of a human eye
and a microscope
0.1 mm
0.1um
formula for LIMIT of RESOLUTION
d = 0.5λ / nsinθ
OBJECTIVE FEATURE
measure of the resolving power of an objective
numerical aperture
relationship of numerical aperture with MAGNIFICATION and FOCAL LENGTH
and values
M=Direct
FL=Inverse
0.25
0.65
1.25
LENGTHS of one small and big division of SM
SM
0.01 mm or 10 um
0.1 mm or 100 um
Formula for Calibration Factor
(SMD/OMD) x 0.01 mm
Formula for specimen size measurement
CF x OM divisions
TYPES of LIGHT MICROSCOPE
used for to study GROSS MORPHOLOGY
Bright Field
TYPES of LIGHT MICROSCOPE
used to study specimens invisible in ordinary microscope light
dark field
TYPES of LIGHT MICROSCOPE
used for specimens that cannot be stain or are distorted by stains
dark field
TYPES of LIGHT MICROSCOPE
does not need to fix or stain cells
phase contrast
TYPES of LIGHT MICROSCOPE
used to study detailed examination of internal structure
phase contrast
TYPES of LIGHT MICROSCOPE
like phase contrast but no diffraction halo
differential interference contrast
TYPES of LIGHT MICROSCOPE
shows a 3D appearance of specimen that may not represent reality
differential interference contrast
TYPES of LIGHT MICROSCOPE
uses a specific photoreactive chemical that absorbs light energy (and what is this?)
fluorescence (fluorochromes)
TYPES of LIGHT MICROSCOPE
used to detect immunological reactions
fluorescence
TYPES of LIGHT MICROSCOPE
used for thick specimens like BIOFILMS
confocal
TYPES of LIGHT MICROSCOPE
used to visualize structures
confocal
TYPES of LIGHT MICROSCOPE
used for examining living cells within intact tissues
two-photon
TYPES of LIGHT MICROSCOPE
limited to advance research labs
two-photon
Working distance per each objective lens
LPO : 4-8 mm
HPO - 0.5-0.7 mm
OIO - 0.1 mm
