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MICROBIOLOGY > CH 9 > Flashcards

CH 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

2 essential functions of the DNA

A
  1. genetic material for inheritance
  2. directs and regulates the construction of proteins
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2
Q

WHAT contains the full complement of DNA within a cell

A

genome

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3
Q

smaller discrete units of genomes

A

genes

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4
Q

genes are arranged where

A

chromosomes and plasmids

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5
Q

3 important processes

A
  1. Replication
  2. Transcription
  3. Translation
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6
Q

genotype vs phenotype

A

genotype: genes
phenotype: physical characteristics

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7
Q

DNA replication location in :
1. eukaryotes
2. prokaryotes

A
  1. nucleus
  2. nucleoid
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8
Q

4 phases of DNA Replication

A
  1. Unwinding
  2. Primer Bonding
  3. Elongation
  4. Termination
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9
Q

Enzymes included in DNA Replication

A
  1. Topoisomerase (unwind)
  2. Helicase (unzip)
  3. Primase (sets primer)
  4. DNA polymerase 3 (adds bases)
  5. Ligase (joins together Okazaki fragments)
  6. Exonuclease (removes primer
  7. DNA polymerase 1 (proofreads bases and adds where primer is removed)
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10
Q

Replication process that is unidirectional

A

Rolling Circle Replication

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11
Q

a specific genomic locus where DNA replication begins in Rolling Ciruclar Replciaton

A

ori

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12
Q

What enzyme binds to ori and what does it do and where does it bind

A

Rep-A - breaks a single strand called “NICK” and binds to 5’

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13
Q

Purines vs Pyramidines

A

Purines (adenine and guanine) are two-carbon nitrogen ring bases

Pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine) are one-carbon nitrogen ring bases

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14
Q

Direction of RNA initiation for start of transcription process

A

5’ -> 3’

kaya didikit si enzyme kay 3’ -> 5’ na dna strand

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15
Q

What short sections in the DNA signals when and where to start transcription process

A

Promoters

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16
Q

What binds to promoters to start transcription and how:

  1. eukaryotes
  2. prokaryotes
A
  1. Basal transcription factors bind first THEN RNA polymerase
  2. RNA Polymerase directly binds
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17
Q

What happens in ELONGATION process-transcription

A

RNA polymerase makes mRNA strand which is similar to non-template dna strand but uses URACIL

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18
Q

What happens in TERMINATION process-transcription

A

short DNA sequences “terminators” signal end of process

mRNA is released from polymerase

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19
Q

2 types of termination (transription) in BACTERIA

A
  1. Rho-independent (forms TERMINATING HAIRPINS and independent of external proteins)
  2. Rho-dependent (requires Rho Proteins which interacts with RNA polymerase)
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20
Q

What happens after transcription and process

A

RNA modifications

SPLICEOSOME removes introns (non-coding segments) and leaves exons

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21
Q

what do you call the sequence of three nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid

A

codons

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22
Q

How many possible codons are there

A

64 (61 coding + 3 stop codons)

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23
Q

what is the starting codon and the 3 stop codons

A

AUG (methionine)

UGA
UAA
UAG

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24
Q

What happens in initiation - translation

A
  1. Initiaion Factors 1 & 2 attach to small ribosomal unit
  2. tRNA with anticodon attaches to SRU
  3. Big ribosomal unit attaches to tRNA
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25
Q

What is the subunits of rRNA

A

Small subunit (30S in P; 40S in E)

Big subunit (50S in P: 60S in E)

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26
Q

What are the sites present in BIG SUBUNIT

A

E site (exit site
P site (polypeptide)
A site (Amino acid)

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27
Q

What happens in Elongation process - translation

A

AUG enters P site first and A site is for 2nd amino acid. The amino acids leaves thru the E site after forming peptide bonds

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28
Q

What happens in termination process - translation

A

stop codon enters A site

release factors breaks down sobrang peptide bonds at the end

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29
Q

What do you call redundancy in the genetic code

A

Degeneracy

30
Q

What is found in codon chart

A

the CODON, not the ANTICODON

31
Q

Where does transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

P: both occur simultaneously in cytoplasm
E: transcription: nucleus ; translation: cytoplasm

32
Q

what is a mutation

A

heritable change in DNA sequence of organism

33
Q

2 causes of mutations

A
  1. spontaneous
  2. induced
34
Q

Causes of Mutations

mistakes in the process of DNA replication

A

Spontaneous

35
Q

Causes of Mutations

exposure to mutagens

A

Induced

36
Q

What is the error rate of DNA polymerase 3

A

one base per billion base pairs

37
Q

How much can exposure to mutagen increase rate of mutation

A

1000-fold

38
Q

2 types of mutations in DNA sequence

A
  1. Point Mutation (single base is substituted or replaced)
  2. Insertion/Deletion/Frameshift (addition or removal of base)
39
Q

4 effects of mutation on protein structure and function

A
  1. Silent (no effect)
  2. Missense (amino acid substitution)
  3. Nonsense (stop codon substitutes for amin acid)
  4. Frameshift (insertion or deletion of one or more bases)
40
Q

Types of Chemical Mutagens

structure is similar to normal nucleotide bases

A

Nucleoside analogs

41
Q

Nucleoside analog of Adenine and Thymine

A

A: 2-aminopurine
T: 5-bromouracil

42
Q

Types of Chemical Mutagens

modifies normal DNA bases

A

Nucleotide base modifiers

43
Q

Type of nucleotide base modifiers

A

Nitrous acid

44
Q

Types of Chemical Mutagens

molecules that slide between normal bases that distorts molecule and create spacing

A

intercalating agents

45
Q

Type of intercalating agents

A

acridine

46
Q

How does the DNA counter mutations? (3)

A
  1. Proof-reading (DNA polymerase 1, during replication)
  2. Mismatch Repair (after replication)
  3. Repair of Thymine Dimers
47
Q

2 types of Thymine Dimers

A
  1. Nucleotide Excision Repair (dark repair) - use enzymes
  2. Direct Repair (light repair) - photoreactivation in the presence of visible light
48
Q

What can an F+ (fertility factor) bacteria produce?

A

Sex Pilus

49
Q

What is a sex pilus? (Step 1-Conjugation)

A

A protein tube used to connect to an F- bacteria. This is produced from a gene sequence in an F+ bacteria plasmid.

50
Q

What happens after an F+’s protein tube connects with an F- (Step 2-Conjugation)

A
  1. Plasmid in F+ is duplicated.
  2. Duplicated plasmid is passed to the F-
51
Q

Step 3 - Conjugation

A

2 F+ bacteria are now available

52
Q

High Frequency Recombinant (HFR) cell CONJUGATION - Step 1

A

A DNA section of the F+ bacteria Plasmid is incorporated into the Chromosomal DNA of F+ Bacteria

53
Q

High Frequency Recombinant (HFR) cell CONJUGATION - Step 2

A

Sex pilus (protein tube) of HFR cell is created and connected to the F- bacteria.

An Hfr cell may attempt to transfer the entire bacterial chromosome (w plasmid dna) to an F− cell,

54
Q

High Frequency Recombinant (HFR) cell CONJUGATION - Step 3

A

now you have:

HFR cell
Recombinant F- Cell with chromosomal and plasmid portion of HFR cell **

*not F+ kasi not entire plasmid dna is transferred. sex pilus lacks gene sequence to be made.

55
Q
A
56
Q

TRANSFORMATION - Step 1

A

“Pathogenic” Bacteria gets destroyed-> chromosomal DNA is released and becomes NAKED DNA

57
Q

TRANSFORMATION - Step 2

A

“Harmless” Bacteria near it may actively bind to
to the DNA, transport it inside, make it single-stranded.

Harmless bacteria now becomes harmful

58
Q

Main reason for transformation

A

many bacteria are NATURALLY COMPETENT

59
Q

What types of bacteria have the ability to do transformation process

A

S - Streptococcus pneumoniae
H - Haemophilus influenzae
N - Meningococcus

60
Q
A
61
Q

Generalized Transduction - Step 1

A

Bacteriophage (virus) attaches to a bacterial cell and injects a PHAGE RECEPTOR

62
Q

Generalized Transduction - Step 2

A

PHAGE DNA replicates and breaks down chromosomes of bacterial cell

63
Q

Generalized Transduction - Step 3

A

Some bacterial phages have PHAGE DNA, and some have BACTERIAL DNA

64
Q

Generalized Transduction - Step 4

A

Bacterial cell will pop, and bacterial phages with bacterial dna may inject it to another cell.

RESULT: cell #2 with a mixture of its dna and another bacteria’s dna

65
Q

Specialized Transduction - Step 1

A

Bacteriophage (virus) attaches to a bacterial cell and injects a PHAGE RECEPTOR

66
Q

Specialized Transduction - Step 2

A

PHAGE DNA gets incorporated to the bacterial DNA

67
Q

Specialized Transduction - Step 3

A

Sections of the phage and bacterial DNA will be released and form CAPSIDS

68
Q

Specialized Transduction - Step 4

A

Bacterial cell will pop, and bacterial phages with phage and bacterial dna may inject it to another cell.

RESULT: cell #2 with a mixture of its dna, bacteria’s dna, and phage dna

69
Q

What example of toxin can be made as a result of transduction

A

Cholera Toxins by Vibrio cholerae

70
Q
A

MICROBIOLOGY (23 decks)

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