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MICROBIOLOGY > MCB LAB Post Lab Handout > Flashcards

MCB LAB Post Lab Handout Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Purpose of OIL in OIO

and reason behind

A

Focus light rays towards the eyepiece/providing a medium of same refractive index as the cover glass.

the air and the cover glass have different
refractive indices.

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2
Q

Relationship between

WORKING DISTANCE & NUMERICAL APERTURE

A

Inversely

shorter WD, higher NA

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3
Q

Refractive index of

  1. air
  2. oil
A

1.00
1.25

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4
Q

Relationship between

Refractive Index & NUMERICAL APERTURE

A

Direct

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5
Q

Formula for AREA of FOV

A

π r^2

  1. get diameter of FOV by counting Stage Micro
  2. Divide by 2 to get r
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6
Q

4 Advantages of observing living organisms

A
  1. Observation of unaltered/undistorted characteristics of the organism like size and
    shape
  2. Cellular processes like growth and reproduction can be studied
  3. Motility can be observed
  4. Simple to prepare
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7
Q

1 Disadvantages of observing living organisms

A

The refractive index of the cell is almost similar to that of water, therefore, difficult to observe.

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8
Q

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction of Bacteria (1 each)

A

A: Fission
S: Conjugation

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9
Q

3 major characteristics of fungi

A

non-photosynthetic, eukaryotic, heterotrophic

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10
Q

Composition of Fungi cell wall

A

mostly chitin

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11
Q

3 shapes of fungi

A

unicellular, filamentous, mycelia

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12
Q

YEASTS vs MOLDS in terms of:

  • unicellular / multicellular
  • shape (2; 1)
  • type of asexual repro (2; 3)
  • type of sexual repro (1; 3)
A

Y: unicellular
: spherical/oval shaped
: budding (saccharomyces cerevisiae) or binary fission (Schizosaccharomyces octosporus)
: ascospore formation

M: multicellular
: filamentous
: fragmentation/fission/asexual spores
: gamete formation/conjugation/sexual spores

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13
Q

What do you call the filaments that are present in molds

A

hyphae

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14
Q

what do you call mass of hyphae

A

mycelium

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15
Q

2 types of hyphae base on function

A

Vegetative hypha - anchorage and nutrient absorption

Fertile/Reproductive Hypha - carries reproductive structures

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16
Q

2 types of hyphae based on presence and absence of SEPTUM

A

Septate - w/ crosswalks/septa along hypha
Aseptate - or COENOCYTIC (lacks septa)

16
Q

3 major characteristics of PROTOZOA

A

MOSTLY unicellular, non-photosynthetic, heterotrophic

16
Q

Do protozoa have cell wall

A

no

16
Q

Are protozoa motile (3) or nonmotile (1)

A

Some are

can be motile by
1. Flagella (Giardia)
2. Cilia (Paramecium)
3. Pseudopodia (Amoeba)

non-motile (Plasmodium)

16
Q

2 major characteristics of MICROALGAE

A

microscopic, photosynthetic

16
Q

What type of organism are microalgae? (3)

A
  1. Unicellular (diatoms and CHLORELLA)
  2. Multicellular (Spirogyra)
  3. Colonial (Volvox)
16
Q

Type of reproduction in algae in terms of:

-asexual (2)
-sexual (1)

A

-asexual: fragmentation, budding/fission
-sexual: conjugation

16
Q

3 components of LACTOPHENOL

A

PHENOL - disinfectant that KILLS MOLDS
LACTIC ACID - maintains osmotic pressure around molds and clarifies hyphae
GLYCEROL - prevents dispersal of spores

16
Q

Are microalgae motile or non-motile

A

can be both

16
Q

Why are Gram+ blue/violet and Gram- are pink?

A

Yung CV-I complex retains in Gram+ due to its THICK peptidoglycan layer kaya di siya naaabot ng Alcohol and retains its colors

Yung Gram- thin naman ung PG layer nya. The alcohol washes away the CV-I Complex don so ang final color nya is based on the last stain, SAFRANIN.

16
Q

Purpose of each gram stain

A

Crystal Violet - Primary Stain
Iodine - Mordant
Alcohol - Decolorizer
Safranin - Counterstain

16
Q

EXAMPLES for GRAM + and GRAM -

2 each

A

GRAM +
- Bacillus megaterium
- Bacillus subtilis

GRAM -
- Escherichia coli
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa

16
Q

7 REQUIREMENTS of a good culture medium in terms of BIOPHYSICAL FACTORS:

A

a. Sufficient moisture
b. Favorable pH
c. Buffer salts
d. Reducing substance(s)
e. Suitable oxygen level
f. Temperature
g. *Indicator dye – (may be added to detect specific substances produced by the organism)

16
Q

5 REQUIREMENTS of a good culture medium in terms of BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS:

A

a. Carbon sources
b. Energy sources
c. Nitrogen sources
d. Growth Factors
e. Minerals

16
Q

Notable changes in pH adjusted CWA (pH 4, 7, and 9) after sterilization:

A

pH 4 - solid (before) -> liquid (after)
- HIGH TEMPERATURE prevented lattice formation and destroyed interlinking agar molecules

pH 7 - green (before) -> yellow (after)
- HIGH TEMP promoted heat reactions which turned the medium acidic

pH 9: pink (before) -> brown (after)
- HIGH TEMP caramelized sugars

16
Q

Effects of Sterilization to Culture Media (2)

A
  • Disaccharides upon heating hydrolyze into their components sugar
  • Lower pH of medium by 0.2-0.4 units (sugars turn to acid due to heat reactions w peptone)
16
Q

3 reasons for controlling microorganisms

A

TO PREVENT:
1.transmission of disease and infection
2. contamination by or growth of undesirable microorganisms
3. deterioration and spoilage of materials by microorganisms

16
Q

3 types of equipment used in MOIST HEAT

  • temp and time (+days)
  • definition
  • what materials they sterilize
A

a. Pressure cooker or autoclave
- 121°C for 15 min
- uses heat in the form of saturated steam under pressure to attain temperature higher than 100°C
- high temperature, not high pressure, is responsible for death of microorganisms

b. Arnold Sterilizer (for fractional sterilization or tyndallization)
- intermittent sterilization at 100°C for 30 min for 3 consecutive days
- used to destroy spores which germinate during the incubation periods within three successive days
- used for media/chemicals which decompose at temperature higher than 100°C.

c. Serological Water Bath – use temperature lower than boiling point

16
Q

Why is 0.05 N was used as an initial titrant and 1 N for final titrant?

A

LOW FOR INITIAL -> prevent drastic pH changes and prevent overrun

HIGH FOR ADJUSTMENT -> prevent dilution

16
Q

BACTERIOSTAT vs BACTERIOCIDE

A

Bacteriostat – inhibits bacterial growth and metabolism

Bactericide – kills bacteria but not necessarily their endospore

16
Q

3 EXAMPLES of disinfectants

A
  1. Phenol (Carbolic Acid)
  2. Ethanol
  3. Quaternary ammonium compound (QUATS or QUAC)

MICROBIOLOGY (23 decks)

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