CH 6 Flashcards
Common Prokaryotic shapes (9)
- coccus
- bacillus
- vibrio
- cocobacillus
- spirochetes
- spirillum
- pleomorphic
- filamentous
- APPENDAGED
Common Prokaryotic Arrangements (6)
- Diplo (2)
- Tetrad (4)
- Strepto (chain)
- Staphylo (cluster)
- Sarcina (2 tetrad to form 3d fig)
- Palisade (side by side individually)
3 main external structures of prokaryotes
- glycocalyx
- flagella
- pili/fimbriae
What process happens in RUMINANT ANIMALS?
microorganisms convert cellulose (grass) to glucose and then to microbial fermentation (fatty acids and CO2 + CH4)
Waste products
2 types of glycocalyx
capsule
slime layer
What is a Glycocalyx
an outer, viscous polysaccharide/polypeptide covering made of fibers that surround a prokaryotic cell
Arrangement of capsule + attachment
well-organized
firmly attached to cell wall
Attachment of slime layer + composition
loosely attached
interlocking molecules of protein or glycoprotein
IMPORTANCE of glycocalyx (6)
protection against:
1. ion and pH change
2. osmotic stress
3. enzymes
4. predacious bacteria and phagocytes
- enhances virulence
- adherance
What do you call bacteria with 1 flagellum?
—- at the end of one side?
—- at both sides?
monotrichous
polar
amphitrichous
What di you call bacteria with multiple flagella at…
—- one end
—- all around
lophotrichous
peritrichous
Fimbria vs Pili
both are thinner than flagella
F - more numerous, shorter
P - lesser, longer
CELL WALL COMPOSITION
Gram Positive vs Gram Negative
GP:
1. 1 thick layer of peptidoglycan
2. techoic acid lines shoot out from the cell membrane to outer of the peptidoglycan
GN:
1. 2 cell membranes
2. 1 thin layer of peptidoglycan
3. lipopolysaccharide (on outer membrane)
What is present in Gram positive cell (chemical composition) wall that is not found in gram negative?
pentapeptide
What bacteria has no cell wall and has s___ and l___ in cell membrane
sterol
lipoglycans
Mycoplasma mycoides
3 major functions of the cell membrane
- permeability barrier
- protein anchor
- energy conservation
BACTERIA vs ARCHAEA membrane in terms of:
- lipid layer
- type of lipids
- type of fatty acids
B: lipid bilayer, ester-linked lipids, straight chain fatty acids
A: lipid monolayer, ether-linked lipids, branched fatty acids
4 unique types of INCLUSION BODIES
- carbon stage polymers
- polyphosphate, sulfur, and carbonate minerals
- magnetosomes (magnetic storage inclusions)
- gas vesicle structure
4 common types of inclusion bodies
- prokaryotic ribosomes
- nucleoid
- plasmid
- endospores
are PLASMIDS required for growth and reproduction?
no
possible advantages of PLASMIDS (3)
carry specific genes with unique characteristics
1. drug resistance
2. pathogenicity
3. new metabolic activities
Location of MATURE ENDOSPORE vs DEVELOPING ENDOSPORE
ME: outside vegetative
DE: inside vegetative
VEGETATIVE CELLS vs ENDOSPORES in terms of:
1. physical environment
2. type of staining
3. water content and enzymic activity
4. ability to grow and metabolize
V: sensitive to heat and radiation; gram staining; normal water content and enzymatic activity; capable of active growth and metabolism
E: resistant; do not absorb gram stain, only special endospore stains; dehydrated and no metabolic activity; dormant with no growth and metabolic activity
3 types of ENDOSPORES
- terminal
- subterminal
- central
What do ANTIBIOTICS target in bacteria and what is their mode of action
CELL WALL - inhibit protein synthesis
Why are ANTIBIOTICS not as effective against old cultures
cell wall isnt intact and composition changes over time
