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MICROBIOLOGY > CH 1 Lecture > Flashcards

CH 1 Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

OLD definition of microbiology

study of ____ that are too___ to be seen by the ___ ____ <1mm

A

organisms
small
naked
eye

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2
Q

NEW definition of microbiology

study of organisms that… (3)

A
  1. can exist as singular cells or acellular
  2. contain nucleic acid genome at least once
  3. can replicate genome
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3
Q

Example of microorganism found in the GUYS of a sturgeon fish and its SIZE

A

Epulopiscium (200-700 micrometers)

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4
Q

Microorganism as big as a fly’s head

and its larger variant + size

A

Thiomargarita namibiensis

Thiomargarita magnifica (9000 micro or 1 cm)

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5
Q

How small can the following microscopes see:

  1. Light
  2. Electron
A
  1. Light (100 nanometer to 1 mm)
  2. Electron (0.1 nanometer to 50 micro)
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6
Q

2 THEMES of microbiology (B & A)

A
  1. Basic Biological Sciences (understanding)
  2. Applied Biological Science (application)
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7
Q

5 Areas of BASIC MICROBIOLOGY

A
  1. Virology
  2. Mycology (fungi)
  3. Phycology (algae)
  4. Protozoology
  5. Bacteriology
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8
Q

7 Areas in APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

A
  1. Medical Microbiology
  2. Imuunology
  3. Public Health
  4. Industrial
  5. Good and Dairy
  6. Agricultural
  7. Microbial
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9
Q

What do our ANCESTORS just knew about microbiology? (1)

What does this microorganism do? (2)

A

Existence of Yeast in Fermented Food and Beverages

  • metabolize carbohydrates
  • produce carbon dioxide
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10
Q

4 CONTRIBUTORS to microscopy and their inventions

A
  1. Zacharias Janssen (1st compound microscope (3-10x))
  2. Athanasius Kirchr (suggested to be the first to observe microorganisms)
  3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Animalcules
  4. Robert Hooke (micrographia, simple compound (30x)—- cork cells and elongated stalks
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11
Q

What are the 2 sides of the conflict?

A
  1. Spontaneous Generation
  2. Biogenesis
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12
Q

1st supporter of Biogenesis?

A

FRANCISCO REDI
- 2 jars, meat in both

1 jar sealed = no maggots
1 jar covered with gauze = w/ maggots from flies

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13
Q

1st supporter of spontaneous generation

A

JOHN NEEDHAM
- 1 erlenmeyer flask with broth

  1. Flask with broth is boiled (no cover)
  2. Covered with cork
  3. Growth of microbes

EXPLANATION
1. Air microbes contributes to #1
2. Insufficient heat in #1
3. Cork not sterilized in #2

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14
Q

Contradiction to Needham

A

LAZARRO SPALLANZANI
- 2 erlenmeyer flasks with broth

  1st flask 1. Boiled with no cover 2. Left aside  3. Growth of microber

 2nd flask 1. Boiled with cover 2. Left aside still with cork cover 3. No growth

COUNTER:
Air was required for vital force

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15
Q

Contradiction of 2 scientists to:

SG supporters: Air is required for vital force

A

Passed AIR through:

Franz Schultze (acids) & Theodor Schwann (red-hot tubes)

No growth

COUNTER:
acids and hot tubes altered air

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16
Q

3 SCIENTISTS who made great evidence against spontaneous generation

A

Georg Schroder & Theodor von Dusch (filtered air through cotton wool)

Louis Pasteur (swan-neck flasks)

17
Q

Who made the final blow against SPON GEN supporters? (3)

  1. against air as vital force
  2. against John Needham experiment
  3. developed what process?
A

JOHN TYNDALL

  • dust carries microbe
  • existence of HEAT-RESISTANT bacteria
  • TYNDALLIZATION - sterilizing substances
18
Q

What specific agent CAUSE DISEASES?

A

Germs

19
Q

Germ Theory of Diseases

A
  1. Girolamo Fracastoro
    - INVISIBLE living creatures cause diseases
  2. Agostino Bassi
    - disease of silk worms was caused by FUNGI
  3. Miles Berkeley
    - Phytophthora infestans (Great Potato Blight) fungus
20
Q

Founding Father of PLANT PATHOLOGY

A

Heinrich Anton de Bary
- SMUT and RUST fungi caused CEREAL CROP DISEASE

21
Q

Who is the SAVIOR OF MOTHERS

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

  • ASEPSIS
  • required physicians to wash their hands with CHLORINATED LIME SOLUTIONS between patients
  • 18 - 2.4% mortality rate drop
22
Q

who is the Father of ANTISEPTIC SURGERY

A

Joseph Lister

  • provided indirect evidence of microorganisms as CAUSE OF DISEASES
23
Q

What did JOSEPH LISTER use in surgical dressings and instruments?

A

dressing - PHENOL/CARBOLIC ACID
instrument - HEAT

24
Q

Louis Paster contribution to GERM THEORY

A
  • Nosema bombycis (protozoan that caused PEBRINE DISEASE in silk worms)
25
Q

4 STEPS in koch’s postulates (criteria that establishes causal between microbe and disease)

A

ROBERT KOCH
- establish relationship between BACILLUS ANTHRACIS and anthrax
- postulates based from his TEACHER, Jakob Henle

  1. suspected CAUSATIVE AGENT must be only present in diseased org
  2. agent mus be isolated and grown in pure culture
  3. agent must cause the same disease to a healthy org
  4. same causative agent must be isolated
26
Q

4 TECHNIQUES developed from KOCH’s POSTULATES

A
  1. Solid culture media
  2. Aseptic culture
  3. Pure culture maintenance
  4. Petri Plate
27
Q

4 LIMITATIONS of Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. Causative agents (human diseases) do not work on experimental animals
  2. Some are OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES (cannot be cultured in vitro)
  3. Some have VARIABLE SIGNS and SYMTOMS
  4. Some diseases may be caused by various microbes and Some microbes may cause various diseases

MICROBIOLOGY (23 decks)

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