CH 1 Lecture Flashcards
OLD definition of microbiology
study of ____ that are too___ to be seen by the ___ ____ <1mm
organisms
small
naked
eye
NEW definition of microbiology
study of organisms that… (3)
- can exist as singular cells or acellular
- contain nucleic acid genome at least once
- can replicate genome
Example of microorganism found in the GUYS of a sturgeon fish and its SIZE
Epulopiscium (200-700 micrometers)
Microorganism as big as a fly’s head
and its larger variant + size
Thiomargarita namibiensis
Thiomargarita magnifica (9000 micro or 1 cm)
How small can the following microscopes see:
- Light
- Electron
- Light (100 nanometer to 1 mm)
- Electron (0.1 nanometer to 50 micro)
2 THEMES of microbiology (B & A)
- Basic Biological Sciences (understanding)
- Applied Biological Science (application)
5 Areas of BASIC MICROBIOLOGY
- Virology
- Mycology (fungi)
- Phycology (algae)
- Protozoology
- Bacteriology
7 Areas in APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
- Medical Microbiology
- Imuunology
- Public Health
- Industrial
- Good and Dairy
- Agricultural
- Microbial
What do our ANCESTORS just knew about microbiology? (1)
What does this microorganism do? (2)
Existence of Yeast in Fermented Food and Beverages
- metabolize carbohydrates
- produce carbon dioxide
4 CONTRIBUTORS to microscopy and their inventions
- Zacharias Janssen (1st compound microscope (3-10x))
- Athanasius Kirchr (suggested to be the first to observe microorganisms)
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Animalcules
- Robert Hooke (micrographia, simple compound (30x)—- cork cells and elongated stalks
What are the 2 sides of the conflict?
- Spontaneous Generation
- Biogenesis
1st supporter of Biogenesis?
FRANCISCO REDI
- 2 jars, meat in both
1 jar sealed = no maggots
1 jar covered with gauze = w/ maggots from flies
1st supporter of spontaneous generation
JOHN NEEDHAM
- 1 erlenmeyer flask with broth
- Flask with broth is boiled (no cover)
- Covered with cork
- Growth of microbes
EXPLANATION
1. Air microbes contributes to #1
2. Insufficient heat in #1
3. Cork not sterilized in #2
Contradiction to Needham
LAZARRO SPALLANZANI
- 2 erlenmeyer flasks with broth
1st flask 1. Boiled with no cover 2. Left aside 3. Growth of microber 2nd flask 1. Boiled with cover 2. Left aside still with cork cover 3. No growth
COUNTER:
Air was required for vital force
Contradiction of 2 scientists to:
SG supporters: Air is required for vital force
Passed AIR through:
Franz Schultze (acids) & Theodor Schwann (red-hot tubes)
No growth
COUNTER:
acids and hot tubes altered air
3 SCIENTISTS who made great evidence against spontaneous generation
Georg Schroder & Theodor von Dusch (filtered air through cotton wool)
Louis Pasteur (swan-neck flasks)
Who made the final blow against SPON GEN supporters? (3)
- against air as vital force
- against John Needham experiment
- developed what process?
JOHN TYNDALL
- dust carries microbe
- existence of HEAT-RESISTANT bacteria
- TYNDALLIZATION - sterilizing substances
What specific agent CAUSE DISEASES?
Germs
Germ Theory of Diseases
- Girolamo Fracastoro
- INVISIBLE living creatures cause diseases - Agostino Bassi
- disease of silk worms was caused by FUNGI - Miles Berkeley
- Phytophthora infestans (Great Potato Blight) fungus
Founding Father of PLANT PATHOLOGY
Heinrich Anton de Bary
- SMUT and RUST fungi caused CEREAL CROP DISEASE
Who is the SAVIOR OF MOTHERS
Ignaz Semmelweis
- ASEPSIS
- required physicians to wash their hands with CHLORINATED LIME SOLUTIONS between patients
- 18 - 2.4% mortality rate drop
who is the Father of ANTISEPTIC SURGERY
Joseph Lister
- provided indirect evidence of microorganisms as CAUSE OF DISEASES
What did JOSEPH LISTER use in surgical dressings and instruments?
dressing - PHENOL/CARBOLIC ACID
instrument - HEAT
Louis Paster contribution to GERM THEORY
- Nosema bombycis (protozoan that caused PEBRINE DISEASE in silk worms)
4 STEPS in koch’s postulates (criteria that establishes causal between microbe and disease)
ROBERT KOCH
- establish relationship between BACILLUS ANTHRACIS and anthrax
- postulates based from his TEACHER, Jakob Henle
- suspected CAUSATIVE AGENT must be only present in diseased org
- agent mus be isolated and grown in pure culture
- agent must cause the same disease to a healthy org
- same causative agent must be isolated
4 TECHNIQUES developed from KOCH’s POSTULATES
- Solid culture media
- Aseptic culture
- Pure culture maintenance
- Petri Plate
4 LIMITATIONS of Koch’s Postulates
- Causative agents (human diseases) do not work on experimental animals
- Some are OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES (cannot be cultured in vitro)
- Some have VARIABLE SIGNS and SYMTOMS
- Some diseases may be caused by various microbes and Some microbes may cause various diseases
