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MICROBIOLOGY > CH 5 > Flashcards

CH 5 Flashcards

1
Q

the science of —— —– THROUGH ____(4) of
organisms

A
  1. biological classification
  2. describing, identifying, classifying, and naming

Taxonomy

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2
Q

goal of Taxonomy

A

separating elements into exclusive and mutually ambiguous groups

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3
Q

characteristics of a good taxonomy (3)

A

simple
easy to remember
easy to use

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4
Q

grouping organisms based on —– —— or ——- ——–

A
  1. mutual similarity
  2. evolutionary relatedness

classification

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5
Q

what do you call groups in taxonomy

A

taxon (singular) or taxa (plural)

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6
Q

——- of an isolate to determine what —— it is to ——- certain organisms from others

A
  1. characterization
  2. species
  3. distinguish

identification

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7
Q

—— of ——– to ——– groups in agreement with ——- ——

A
  1. assignment
  2. names
  3. taxonomic
  4. published rul;es

nomenclature

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8
Q

study of the —— of —— (both past and present) and
the —– ——– among living things through time

A
  1. diversity
  2. life
  3. evolutionary
  4. relationships

systematics

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9
Q

collection of —— that share —– ——- in common and —- —– from other group of strains

A
  1. strains
  2. stable properties
  3. differ significantly

SPECIES in prokaryotes

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10
Q

what does systematics use to understand organisms

A

taxonomy

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11
Q

a group of ——– related organisms that ——- among themselves

A
  1. closely
  2. breed

SPECIES in eukaryotes

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12
Q

the population of organisms that descends from a —– —— that is —— or from a ——-

A
  1. pure culture
  2. isolate
  3. species

strain

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13
Q

can different strains be nearly identical genetically?

A

yes

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14
Q

are there strains with exactly same attributes?

A

no

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15
Q

effect of E. coli O157:H7 (2)

A

abdominal cramps and diarrhea

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16
Q

effect of E.coli HS (1)

A

safe

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17
Q

CAROLUS LINNAEUS

  • the most —– early ——
  • was a —— (nationality) ____ (3 occupations)
  • published ——- wherein he proposed —-
  • mnemonic of taxonomy
A
  1. The most famous early taxonomist
  2. botanist, zoologist, physician
  3. Systema Naturae — Linnaean taxonomy

Domain (dear)
Kingdom (king)
Phylum (philip)
Class (came)
Order (over)
Family (for)
Genus (good)
Species (spaghetti)

but wala yung domain and phylum

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18
Q

what are the 2 kingdoms Carolus Linnaeus make

A

animalia and plantae

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19
Q

ERNST HAECKEL

  • what revisions did he do in the KINGDOM
  • when ^^
  • what did he call this ^^
  • what did he later add to the tree

1st attempt to depict the
common evolutionary history of
all living cells

A
  • added protista
  • 1866
  • Haeckel Tree (Three-Kingdom Tree)
  • Monera
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20
Q

Protista vs Monera

A

Protista - unicellular organisms with a nucleus

Monera - unicellular organisms but with no nucleus (or bacteria)

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21
Q

ROBERT WHITTAKER

  • what revisions did he do in the KINGDOM
  • when ^^^
  • what did he call this ^^
  • what OUTLINE did he add that is one-level higher than KINGDOM

Unicellular or multicellular organization is
also a key feature in the system, although
the fungi are not truly multicellular.

A
  • added fungi
  • 1969
  • Whittaker Tree (Five-Kingdom Tree)
  • Prokaryota and Eukaryota
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22
Q

CARL WOESE
- finalized ____-Kingdom Tree
- ^^ what is its other name
- what kingdom did he split and revise the name
- why was archaea separated?
- ^^ what specific sequence
- ^^ when was this discovery made

A
  • Six-Kingdom Tree
  • Genetic-based tree of life
  • Monera to EUBACTERIA and ARCHAEBACTERA
  • found that archabacteria was significantly different from eubacteria and eukaryotes in terms of rRNA gene sequences
  • 16S
  • 1977
23
Q

UNICELLULAR/MULTICELLULAR & EUKARYOTIC/PROKARYOTIC

  1. Archaebacteria
  2. Eubacteria
  3. Fungi
  4. Animalia
  5. Protista
  6. Plantae
A
  1. prokaryotic and unicellular
  2. prokaryotic and unicellular
  3. eukaryotic and multicellular
  4. eukaryotic and multicellular
  5. eukaryotic, unicellular, & multicellular
  6. eukaryotic and multicellular
24
Q

who introduced the THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE and WHEN

A

Carl Woese (1990)

25
what tree shows the 3 domains? ----- who created this tree
Phylogenetic Tree of Life by Woese and Fox
26
what are the 3 domains
archaea bacteria eukarya
27
what was said about the origins of the three domains?
that they evolved from a common universal ancestral cell type
28
why are viruses not included in the tree?
they lack ribosomes -> rna -> cannot be classified
29
Examples of Eukarya (10)
Entamoeba Slime molds Animals Fungi Plants Ciliates Flagellates Trichomonads Microsporidia Diplomonads
30
Examples of Bacteria (9)
Aquifex Thermotoga Gram positives Bacteriodes Cytophaga Cyanobacteria Proteobacteria Planctomyces Spirochetes Green filamentous bacteria
31
Examples of Archaea (7)
Thermoproteus Pyrodicticum T. celer Methanococcus Methanobacterium Methanosarcina Halophiles
32
a __-word ___ system for identifying organisms by --- and ----
1. two 2. naming 3. genus/generic (capitalized) 4. species/specific epithet (not capitalized) binomial nomenclature
33
Which of the two can be change (and why) and cannot be changed
Generic Name - can because of NEW INFORMATION Specific Epithet - cannot
34
are scientific names descriptive?
yes
35
what is the provisional taxonomic name applied to bacteria that cannot be cultured
Candidatus (italicized)
36
2 books that act as standard references for identifying and classifying different prokaryotes
1. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
37
official publication of record for taxonomy and classification of the 3 domains
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
38
Involves the study, not of a single cell, but of a population of identical cells
Characterization and Identifcation
39
Reasons for doing characterization (3)
- identification purpose - comparison w other organisms - exploit beneficial characteristics
40
6 major characteristics used in taxonomy
1. cultural 2. morphological 3. metabolic 4. chemical composition 5. antigenic 6. genetic,
41
refer to the ---- required for growth and the ---- ---- of an environment that will favour the growth
1. nutrients 2. physical conditions cultural
42
3 NUTRITIONAL TYPES under CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
Based on: 1. Energy Sources 2. Carbon Sources 3. Both
43
2 kinds under E source
Phototrophs (chlorophyll) - gets energy from light source Chemotrophs - from oxidation of chemical compounds
44
2 kinds under C source
Autotrophs - from CO2 and primary producers Heterotrophs - carbon from organic compounds
45
3 PHYSICAL TYPES under CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. temperature 2. pH 3. oxygen
46
Temperature Intervals for: 1. Psychrophile 2. Psychrotroph 3. Mesophile 4. Thermophile 5. Hyperthermophile
1. -5 to 15 2. 20-30 3. 25-45 4. 45-70 5. 70-110
47
pH intervals for: 1. Acidophile 2. Neutrophile 3. Alkaliphile
1. <5.5 2. 5-8 3. >8.5
48
Oxygen requirement types (5)
1. obligate aerobes (completely dependent) 2. obligate anaerobes (O2 toxic) 3. facultative anaerobes (w or w/o) 4. aerotolerant anaerobes (grows well w or w/o) 5. microaerophiles (O2 at only low levels)
49
covers --- characteristics that include (5)
1. microscopic -size -arrangement -differentiation and identification of structures -internal structures -organization morphological
50
biochemical/physiological characteristics
metabolic characteristics
51
2 tests to differentiate microorganisms acc to metabolic characteristics
1. Methyl red - ph indicator acidic - red (+ result) alkali - yellow (- result) 2. Citrate test green - 6.9-7.6 (- result) blue - (+ result)
52
2 TYPES of CELL WALL CHEMISTRY (chemical composition)
1. Gram Positive - 1 thick layer of peptidoglycan 2. Gram Negative - 3 layers
53
composition of capsule
polysaccharides and proteins
54
a molecule that binds to a specific antibody, often stimulating a response in the immune system as a result.
antigen

MICROBIOLOGY (30 decks)

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