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MICROBIOLOGY > CH 5 > Flashcards

CH 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the science of —— —– THROUGH ____(4) of
organisms

A
  1. biological classification
  2. describing, identifying, classifying, and naming

Taxonomy

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2
Q

goal of Taxonomy

A

separating elements into exclusive and mutually ambiguous groups

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3
Q

characteristics of a good taxonomy (3)

A

simple
easy to remember
easy to use

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4
Q

grouping organisms based on —– —— or ——- ——–

A
  1. mutual similarity
  2. evolutionary relatedness

classification

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5
Q

what do you call groups in taxonomy

A

taxon (singular) or taxa (plural)

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6
Q

——- of an isolate to determine what —— it is to ——- certain organisms from others

A
  1. characterization
  2. species
  3. distinguish

identification

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7
Q

—— of ——– to ——– groups in agreement with ——- ——

A
  1. assignment
  2. names
  3. taxonomic
  4. published rul;es

nomenclature

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8
Q

study of the —— of —— (both past and present) and
the —– ——– among living things through time

A
  1. diversity
  2. life
  3. evolutionary
  4. relationships

systematics

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9
Q

collection of —— that share —– ——- in common and —- —– from other group of strains

A
  1. strains
  2. stable properties
  3. differ significantly

SPECIES in prokaryotes

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10
Q

what does systematics use to understand organisms

A

taxonomy

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11
Q

a group of ——– related organisms that ——- among themselves

A
  1. closely
  2. breed

SPECIES in eukaryotes

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12
Q

the population of organisms that descends from a —– —— that is —— or from a ——-

A
  1. pure culture
  2. isolate
  3. species

strain

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13
Q

can different strains be nearly identical genetically?

A

yes

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14
Q

are there strains with exactly same attributes?

A

no

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15
Q

effect of E. coli O157:H7 (2)

A

abdominal cramps and diarrhea

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16
Q

effect of E.coli HS (1)

A

safe

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17
Q

CAROLUS LINNAEUS

  • the most —– early ——
  • was a —— (nationality) ____ (3 occupations)
  • published ——- wherein he proposed —-
  • mnemonic of taxonomy
A
  1. The most famous early taxonomist
  2. botanist, zoologist, physician
  3. Systema Naturae — Linnaean taxonomy

Domain (dear)
Kingdom (king)
Phylum (philip)
Class (came)
Order (over)
Family (for)
Genus (good)
Species (spaghetti)

but wala yung domain and phylum

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18
Q

what are the 2 kingdoms Carolus Linnaeus make

A

animalia and plantae

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19
Q

ERNST HAECKEL

  • what revisions did he do in the KINGDOM
  • when ^^
  • what did he call this ^^
  • what did he later add to the tree

1st attempt to depict the
common evolutionary history of
all living cells

A
  • added protista
  • 1866
  • Haeckel Tree (Three-Kingdom Tree)
  • Monera
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20
Q

Protista vs Monera

A

Protista - unicellular organisms with a nucleus

Monera - unicellular organisms but with no nucleus (or bacteria)

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21
Q

ROBERT WHITTAKER

  • what revisions did he do in the KINGDOM
  • when ^^^
  • what did he call this ^^
  • what OUTLINE did he add that is one-level higher than KINGDOM

Unicellular or multicellular organization is
also a key feature in the system, although
the fungi are not truly multicellular.

A
  • added fungi
  • 1969
  • Whittaker Tree (Five-Kingdom Tree)
  • Prokaryota and Eukaryota
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22
Q

CARL WOESE
- finalized ____-Kingdom Tree
- ^^ what is its other name
- what kingdom did he split and revise the name
- why was archaea separated?
- ^^ what specific sequence
- ^^ when was this discovery made

A
  • Six-Kingdom Tree
  • Genetic-based tree of life
  • Monera to EUBACTERIA and ARCHAEBACTERA
  • found that archabacteria was significantly different from eubacteria and eukaryotes in terms of rRNA gene sequences
  • 16S
  • 1977
23
Q

UNICELLULAR/MULTICELLULAR & EUKARYOTIC/PROKARYOTIC

  1. Archaebacteria
  2. Eubacteria
  3. Fungi
  4. Animalia
  5. Protista
  6. Plantae
A
  1. prokaryotic and unicellular
  2. prokaryotic and unicellular
  3. eukaryotic and multicellular
  4. eukaryotic and multicellular
  5. eukaryotic, unicellular, & multicellular
  6. eukaryotic and multicellular
24
Q

who introduced the THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE and WHEN

A

Carl Woese (1990)

25
Q

what tree shows the 3 domains?
—– who created this tree

A

Phylogenetic Tree of Life

by Woese and Fox

26
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

archaea
bacteria
eukarya

27
Q

what was said about the origins of the three domains?

A

that they evolved from a common universal ancestral cell type

28
Q

why are viruses not included in the tree?

A

they lack ribosomes -> rna -> cannot be classified

29
Q

Examples of Eukarya (10)

A

Entamoeba
Slime molds
Animals
Fungi
Plants
Ciliates
Flagellates
Trichomonads
Microsporidia
Diplomonads

30
Q

Examples of Bacteria (9)

A

Aquifex
Thermotoga
Gram positives
Bacteriodes Cytophaga
Cyanobacteria
Proteobacteria
Planctomyces
Spirochetes
Green filamentous bacteria

31
Q

Examples of Archaea (7)

A

Thermoproteus
Pyrodicticum
T. celer
Methanococcus
Methanobacterium
Methanosarcina
Halophiles

32
Q

a __-word ___ system for identifying organisms by — and —-

A
  1. two
  2. naming
  3. genus/generic (capitalized)
  4. species/specific epithet (not capitalized)

binomial nomenclature

33
Q

Which of the two can be change (and why) and cannot be changed

A

Generic Name - can because of NEW INFORMATION

Specific Epithet - cannot

34
Q

are scientific names descriptive?

A

yes

35
Q

what is the provisional taxonomic name applied to bacteria that cannot be cultured

A

Candidatus (italicized)

36
Q

2 books that act as standard references for identifying and classifying different prokaryotes

A
  1. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
  2. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
37
Q

official publication of record for taxonomy and classification of the 3 domains

A

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

38
Q

Involves the study, not of a single cell, but of a population of identical cells

A

Characterization and Identifcation

39
Q

Reasons for doing characterization (3)

A
  • identification purpose
  • comparison w other organisms
  • exploit beneficial characteristics
40
Q

6 major characteristics used in taxonomy

A
  1. cultural
  2. morphological
  3. metabolic
  4. chemical composition
  5. antigenic
  6. genetic,
41
Q

refer to the —- required for growth and the —- —- of an environment that will favour the growth

A
  1. nutrients
  2. physical conditions

cultural

42
Q

3 NUTRITIONAL TYPES under CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

A

Based on:

  1. Energy Sources
  2. Carbon Sources
  3. Both
43
Q

2 kinds under E source

A

Phototrophs (chlorophyll) - gets energy from light source

Chemotrophs - from oxidation of chemical compounds

44
Q

2 kinds under C source

A

Autotrophs - from CO2 and primary producers

Heterotrophs - carbon from organic compounds

45
Q

3 PHYSICAL TYPES under CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

A
  1. temperature
  2. pH
  3. oxygen
46
Q

Temperature Intervals for:

  1. Psychrophile
  2. Psychrotroph
  3. Mesophile
  4. Thermophile
  5. Hyperthermophile
A
  1. -5 to 15
  2. 20-30
  3. 25-45
  4. 45-70
  5. 70-110
47
Q

pH intervals for:

  1. Acidophile
  2. Neutrophile
  3. Alkaliphile
A
  1. <5.5
  2. 5-8
  3. > 8.5
48
Q

Oxygen requirement types (5)

A
  1. obligate aerobes (completely dependent)
  2. obligate anaerobes (O2 toxic)
  3. facultative anaerobes (w or w/o)
  4. aerotolerant anaerobes (grows well w or w/o)
  5. microaerophiles (O2 at only low levels)
49
Q

covers — characteristics that include (5)

A
  1. microscopic

-size
-arrangement
-differentiation and identification of structures
-internal structures
-organization

morphological

50
Q

biochemical/physiological characteristics

A

metabolic characteristics

51
Q

2 tests to differentiate microorganisms acc to metabolic characteristics

A
  1. Methyl red - ph indicator
    acidic - red (+ result)
    alkali - yellow (- result)
  2. Citrate test
    green - 6.9-7.6 (- result)
    blue - (+ result)
52
Q

2 TYPES of CELL WALL CHEMISTRY (chemical composition)

A
  1. Gram Positive
    - 1 thick layer of peptidoglycan
  2. Gram Negative
    - 3 layers
53
Q

composition of capsule

A

polysaccharides and proteins

54
Q

a molecule that binds to a specific antibody, often stimulating a
response in the immune system as a result.

A

antigen

MICROBIOLOGY (23 decks)

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