CH 12 Flashcards
4 primary groups under protists
- SAR
- Excavata
- Amoebozoa
- Opisthokonta
3 ancestral groups of protists that form a large phylogenetic cluster known as SAR
Stramenopiles, Alveolata, and Rhizaria
SAR was a result of?
Secondary endosymbiosis (eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryotic cell)
Type of protists under EXCAVATA
anaerobic heterotrophic protists w/ phototrophy from secondary endosymbiosis
Types of protists under AMOEBOZOA (2)
amoebae and slime molds
4 general characteristics of protists
- eukaryotic
- heterotrophic
- unicellular - colonial - multicellular
- motile
Are all protists heterotrophic and motile?
No, but most of them are
How do protists obtain food?
Through endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis)
Phagocytosis vs Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis - “eating” VISIBLE particles
Pinocytosis - “drinking” DISSOLVED particles
Are protists free-living or symbiotic?
both
2 bullets under free-living
2 bullets under symbiotic
Free-living
* Aquatic (marine, freshwater)
* terrestrial
Symbiotic
* parasitic
* mutualistic
3 forms of protists
- Trophozoite
- Cyst
- Flagellate
TYPES OF FORMS OF PROTISTS
vegetative form
trophozoite
TYPES OF FORMS OF PROTISTS
metabolically active invasive stage
trophozoite
TYPES OF FORMS OF PROTISTS
dormant yet infectious stage
cyst
3 FUNCTIONS of cyst
- protection against adverse conditions
- site for nuclear reorganization and cell division
- means of transfer between hosts
specific type of protist that can exhibit ALL 3 FORMS
Naegleria fowleri (brain-eating amoeba)
3 main parts/organelles that make up protist cells
- Pellicle - proteins inside cell membrane for cell rigidity
- Stigma - phototaxis
- Chloroplast - photosynthesis
ECTOPLASM vs ENDOPLASM
ECTOPLASM : semisolid and gelatinous cytoplasm for rigidity
ENDOPLASM - area inside ectoplasm that contains most of the the organelles
2 types of nuclei found in protists
macronucleus and micronucleus
TYPES OF NUCLEI
regulates somatic functions
macronucleus
TYPES OF NUCLEI
functions in sexual reproduction
regeneration of macronucleus
micronucleus
How does the macronucleus regulate somatic functions
by directing protein synthesis
4 types of somatic functions regulated by the macronucleus
- locomotion
- osmoregulation
- cell regeneration
- feeding
2 types of vacuoles found in protists
food vacuole
- sites of food digestion
- fuses with lysosomes
contractile vacuole
- for excretion, osmo-regulation and water balance
3 locomotory organelles
pseudopodia (false feet)
- blunt lobe-like extensions of the cytoplasm
flagella
- thin, long whip-like projections arising from the surface of the cell
cilia
- similar to but shorter and more numerous than flagella
2 types of SHELL composition of different protists
- calcium carbonate (foraminiferans)
- silica (radiolarians & diatoms)
2 types of nutrition
- Holozoic (phagocytosis)
- Saprozoic (pinocytosis; diffusion; carrier mediated transport)
What type of sexual reproduction do protists undergo?
Conjugation - exchange of genetic material
3 types of asexual reproduction that protists undergo
- fission
- budding
- schizogony
3 types of binary fission that protists undergo
- Irregular simple binary fission
- Transverse binary fission
- Longitudinal binary fission
STEPS in SIMPLE BINARY FISSION (5)
- No plane of division observed
- Contractile vacuole disappears
- Nucleoli disintegrates
- Nucleolus divides mitotically
- Constricts and divides to form 2 daughter cells
STEPS in TRANSVERSE BINARY FISSION (5)
- Plane of division occurs along the TRANSVERSE AXIS
- Macronucleus divides by amitosis & Micronucleus divides by mitosis
- Oral groove disappearing with 2 new forming at either ends
- 2 Contractile vacuoles form
- 2 daughter cells form
STEPS in LONGITUDINAL BINARY FISSION
- Division occurs at longitudinal axis
- Nucleus and cytoplasm also divides longitudinally
- Flagellum is usually retained by one daughter cell
1 example of PROTISTS per EACH TYPE of binary fission
IRREGULAR SIMPLE BINARY FISSION - Amoeba
TRANSVERSE BINARY FISSION - Paramecium
LONGITUDINAL BINARY FISSION - Euglena
TYPE OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
cell divides unevenly
budding
TYPE OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
nucleus divides multiple times before the rest of the cell divides
schizogony (multiple fission)
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTISTS
causes giardiasis (waterborne diarrheal diseases)
Diplomonads - Giardia intestinalis
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTISTS
causes leismaniasis
Kinetoplastids - Leismania
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTISTS
causes balantidiasis
Ciliates - Balantidium coli
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTISTS
causes paralytic shellfish poisoning and red tide
Dinoflagellates - Gonyaulax
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTISTS
causes malaria
Apicomplexans - Plasmodium
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTISTS
causes toxoplasmosis
Apicomplexans - Toxoplasma
4 characteristics of oomycetes (classification of protist)
- water molds
- cellulosic cell wall
- flagellated cells
- plant pathogens