CH 10 Flashcards
3 Classifications of Fungi
Yeast, Molds, Mushrooms
3 fungus-like organisms
mycota (true fungi)
straminipila
slime molds
Fungi with flagella (2)
chytridiomycota
zygomycota
What are Microsporidia
unicellular fungi that are obligate intracellular parasites
5 types of fungi and their distinguishing features
- Chytridiomycota (motile spores w flagella)
- Zygomycota (resistant spores during sexual stage)
- Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizae)
- Asomycota (spores in sacs – ASCI)
- Basidiomycota (fruiting body – BASIDIOCARP)
What type of fungi is one of the early-branching lineage of Eukarya
Microsporidia
Example of a human pathogen from MICROSCPORIDIA
Enterocystozoan bieneusi
General Characteristics of a Fungi (5)
- Eukaryotic
- Filamentous and unicellular)
- All are chemoheterotrophic
- Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
- Contains a rigid wall (chitin) that is 80-90% polysaccharide
microscopic, filamentous structures that make up the body of multicellular fungi w apical growth
Hyphae
Mass of Hyphae
Mycelium
Are all fungi achlorophyllous?
no chlorophyll
yes
Are all fungi saprophytic?
lives off decaying matter
yes
body/soma of fungi
Thallus
2 types of Hyphae based on septation
Septate - w/ crosswalks/septa along hypha
Aseptate - or COENOCYTIC (lacks septa)
4 types of Hyphae based on function
- Vegetative
- Aerial
- Reproductive
- Mycelium
Types of Hyphae based on function
penetrates medium and absorbs food
Vegetative
Types of Hyphae based on function
above surface of media
Aerial
Types of Hyphae based on function
carry spores
Reproductive
Types of Hyphae based on function
collection of hyphae
mycelium
4 addition structures of Hyphae
- Haustoria
- Rhizoids
- Stolon
- Ring
Additional structure of Hyphae
outgrowth of somatic hypha in parasitic fungi
Haustoria
Additional structure of Hyphae
root-like structures
rhizoids
Additional structure of Hyphae
hypha that connects two rhizoids
stolon
Additional structure of Hyphae
formed by nematode-trapping fungi for killing preys
ring
Nutrition of Fungi (3)
chemoheterotrophic
Phagocytic
Saprophytic (feeds on decaying matter)
4 processes in Saprophytes
- Feed on decaying organic matter
- Hyphal tips release enzymes
- Enzymes breakdown substrate
- Products absorb back into hyphae
Growth Requirements in terms of :
C source (2)
N source (2)
Temp (2 interval)
pH
glucose or maltose
organic and inorganic
most @ 0-35 C, but optimal @ 38-39 C
6
association between fungi (______) and
algae/cyanobacteria (______)
mycobiont
photobiont
Lichens
symbiotic relationship that are used as biomonitors of atmospheric quality
Lichens
association between plant roots and fungi
mycorrhizae
3 types of Lichens
- Apothecium (Sexual; disc-shaped structures)
- Soredia (Asexual)
- Isidia (finger-like)
3 growth forms of lichens
- Crustose (crusty)
- Foliose (leafy)
- Fruticose (branched leaves)
Uses of Lichens (4)
- Food
- Lichenometry (age determination of rocks)
- Biodegradation (degrade polyester resins and accumulate lead and copper)
- Production of dyes, pH indicator, antibiotics
Importance of USNIC ACID
A bioactive compound mainly found as a
secondary metabolite in lichens that suppress tuberculosis
4 methods of asexual reproduction
- Fragmentation
- Fission
- Budding
- Asexual Spores
Frequency of:
- Asexual Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction
- Several times during the season
- Once a year
Methods of asexual reproduction
hyphae break up into component cells
fragmentation
what do you call the cells that are broken down hyphae as a result of fragmentation
arthrospores
Methods of asexual reproduction
splitting of a cell into 2 daughter cells by constriction
fission
Methods of asexual reproduction
production of small outgrowth from parent cell
budding
Methods of asexual reproduction
most common method
asexual spore formation
3 major types of asexual spores
- Sporangiospore (born within a sporangium)
- Conidiospore (exogenous)
- Blastospore (budding spore)
2 types of Sporangiospore
Zoospore (w flagella)
Aplanospores (nonmotile)
2 types of asexual spores based on spore development
- Thallic
- Blastic
Types of asexual spores based on spore development
developed by septation and fragmentation
Thallic
Types of asexual spores based on spore development
found at tip of hypha and intercalary
Thallic
What do you call thallic at tip of
1. hyphae
2. intercalary
- arthrospores
- chlamydospores
Types of asexual spores based on spore development
developed by budding and swelling
Blastic
Types of asexual spores based on spore development
single spores or chain of spores
Blastic
2 types of blastic
blastospores & phialospores
3 phases of sexual reproduction
- Plasmogamy (union of protoplasts)
- Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei)
- Meiosis (reduces chromosomes to haploid)
What should fungi associate with to survive
algae
Examples of sexual reproduction
gametes of complementary mating types
Planogametic copulation
Examples of sexual reproduction
Gametangia come in contact but do not fuse. Transfer of gametes happen thru fertilization tube
Gametangial contact
Examples of sexual reproduction
Gametangia fuse and give rise to zygote that develops into ZYGOSPORE
Gametangial copulation
Examples of sexual reproduction
fusion of somatic cells during plasmogamy
Somatogamy
Examples of sexual reproduction
fusion of hyphal tips of two complementary mating
spermatization
Industrial Importance of Fungi (3)
wine, bear, cheese
drugs (cortisone and argometeine)
antibiotics
Food Importance of Fungi (3)
mushrooms
tempeh
soy sauce
Soil Importance of Fungi (1)
recycles important chemical elements in soil
What do you call HUMAN FUNGAL DISEASES
Mycoses
5 groups of mycoses acc to LEVEL OF ENTRY
- Superficial
- Cutaneous
- Subcutaneous
- Systemic
- Opportunistic
TYPE OF MYCOES
fungal infections that affect the skin, hair, and nails
Superficial
2 examples of Superficial Mycoses
Piedras - hair shaft
Tinea versicolor - skin
TYPE OF MYCOES
superficial mycoses that are worse and causes inflammation
cutaneous
Cutaneous vs Superficial Mycoses
S is milder and hardly noticeable
3 examples of Cutaneous Mycoses
- Tinea barbae - lower face
- Tinea pedis - athlete’s foot between the toes
- Tinea corporis - ring worm
What specific fungi causes Tinea Corporis?
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
TYPE OF MYCOES
affecting the subcutaneous tissues wherein the infection entered the host through open wounds
Subcutaneous
3 examples of subcutaneous mycoses
- Sporotrichosis
- Chromomycosis
- Mycetoma
TYPE OF MYCOES
affecting the internal body and can spread throughout. (enters thru inhalation of spores)
systemic
3 examples of systemic mycoses
- Cryptococcosis
- Histoplasmosis
- Coccidioidomycosis
TYPE OF MYCOES
affects people with weakened immune systems
opportunistic
2 examples of opportunistic mycoses
Candidiasis
Aspergillosis