CH 8 Flashcards
Definition of METABOLISM
sum of ALL CHEMICAL REACTION PROCESSES occurring in the cell
SPECIFICALLY, the sum of ANABOLISM + CATABOLISM
what makes METABOLISM possible (2)
flow of energy/electrons
enzymes
OXIDATION vs REDUCTION
O = loss of e-
R = gain of e-
OILRIG
are OXIDATION and REDUCTION separate process in REDOX RECTIONS?
no,, for every oxidation process there is a reduction
How does enzyme affect metabolism
lowers activation energy
2 TYPES of CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS
- Anabolism
- Catabolism
DEFINITION of anabolic reactions (+ other term)
and main pattern + energy requiring or producing?
BIOSYNTHETIC - build up molecules through synthesis
simpler (smaller) - > complex (bigger)
energy acquiring (endergonic)
DEFINITION of catabolic reactions (+ other term)
and main pattern + energy requiring or producing?
DEGRADATIVE - decomposes molecules by breaking down
complex (bigger) - > simpler (smaller)
energy producing (exergonic)
Identify if the ff is anabolic or catabolic process:
- Cellular Respiration
- Photosynthesis
- Glycolysis
- Converting Amino Acids into Proteins
- Converting Nucleic Acids into Nucleotides
- Catabolic
- Anabolic
- Catabolic
- Anabolic
- Catabolic
ANABOLISM or CATABOLISM
ATP -> ADP
ADP -> ATP
ATP -> ADP : Anabolic
ADP -> ATP : Catabolic
3 TYPES of metabolic pathways/patterns and example for each
- Linear (glycolysis and electron transport chain)
- Cyclic (krebs cycle)
- Branching (amino acid synthesis)
3 pathways to convert glucose to pyruvate
- Embden–Meyerhof (Parnas) Pathway (EMP)
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)
- Entner–Duodoroff Pathway (EDP)
What is Glucose
A 6-carbon molecule that is a water-soluble solute
How does glucose enter the cellular membrane?
through GLUT (glucose transporters), a type of membrane protein
4 Examples of GLUTs and what organisms/body parts have these GLUT receptors
1 - BBB (Blood, Baby-Fetus, Blood Brain Barrier)
2 - Kids Lips (Kidney, Liver, Pancreas)
are
3 - Pink (Placenta, Neuron, Kidney)
4 - Mother Father (Muscle, Fats-adipose)
GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 1
What is added on the 6th carbon of glucose to prevent it from moving out of the membrane (considering that GLUTs are bidirectional)
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
is ATP consumed? why or why not?
is this a reversible process?
PO4^3- (Phosphate Group)
HEXOKINASE
GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE
Yes, the 1 phosphate grp from ATP is transferred to the glucose. thus, ATP become ADP
No
GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 2
What is the main process that happens here
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
is ATP consumed? why or why not?
is this a reversible process?
isomerization process
phosphoglucoisomerase
fructose-6-phosphate
no
yes
GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 3
What happens here
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
is ATP consumed? why or why not?
is this a reversible process?
Carbon 1 in the glucose molecule gets a phosphate group
phosphofructokinase 1
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
yes, another phosphate grp from ATP is transferred to the glucose (carbon 1). thus, ATP becomes ADP
no
GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 4
What happens here?
what are the two products?
what enzyme is involved?
is ATP consumed? why or why not?
is this a reversible process?
6-Carbon molecule gets separated in half:
P-C6-C-C ||| C-C-C3-P
Dihydroxy Acetone Phosphate (C6)
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (C3)
fructose bisphosphate aldolase
no
yes
GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 5
Which of the two products from fructose 1,6-bisphosphate can immediately be converted into the next step?
What’s the next step for the other product? is this a reversible process?
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P)
triosephosphate isomerase CONVERTS DHAP into GA3P
yes
GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 6
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
what does the enzyme add to the final molecule
is ATP consumed? why or why not?
is this a reversible process?
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate
1 phosphate that attaches to C1
no
yes
**2 NAD+ is converted to 2 NADH + H+
GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 7
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
is ATP consumed? why or why not?
is this a reversible process?
phosphoglycerate kinase
3-phosphoglycerate
no. 1 phosphate from C1 is added to ADP 2x by the enzyme to convert into 2 ATP. This was done twice because one run was from the GA3P, and the other was from the DHAP
yes
GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 8
what happens here
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
is ATP consumed? why or why not?
is this a reversible process?
The phosphate from C3 is transferred/mutated to C2
phosphoglycerate mutase
2-phosphoglycerate
no
yes
GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 9
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
is ATP consumed? why or why not?
is this a reversible process?
enolase
phosphoenolpyruvate
no
yes
GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 10
what happens here
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
is ATP consumed? why or why not?
is this a reversible process?
Pyruvate kinase transfers the phosphate from the phosphoenolpyruvate to 2ADP to form 2ATP (by now, a total of 4 ATP molecules must have been made. but since 2 ATP was consumed initially in step 1, the net sum of ATP as of now is 2 [-2 + 4]).
Pyruvate kinase
pyruvate
no
no
End products of GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - 3
2 ATP, 2 PYRUVATE, 2 NADH
What are the 2 main phases in PPP pathway
- Oxidative phase (S1-4)
- Non-oxidative phase
GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 1
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
is ATP consumed? why or why not?
is this a reversible process?
Hexokinase
Glucose-6-Phosphate
Yes
no
GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 2
what process happens here
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
oxidation of G-6-P…. NADP+ is turned to NADPH
Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase
6-Phosphoglucanolactone
GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 3
what process happens here
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
addition of H2O
Gluconolactonase
6-Phosphogluconate
GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 4
what process happens here
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
NADP+ is converted to NADPH…. 1 carbon is lost as CO2… a “decarboxylation” happens
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
Ribulose-5-Phosphate (has 5 carbons + Phosphate)
GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 5
what process happens here
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
Ribulose-5-Phosphate gets converted into 2 molecules
Ribulose-5-Phosphate Isomerase &
Ribulose-5-Phosphate 3-Epimerase (since occurring at 3rd carbon)
Ribose-5-Phosphate (isomer) &
Xylulose-5-Phosphate (diastereomer)
GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 6
what process happens here
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
Ribose-5-Phosphate & Xylulose-5-Phosphate are combined together… the enzyme transfers 2 carbons from R-5-P to X-5-P
Transketolase
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate + Sedoheptulose-7-Phosphate (10 C molecule)
Other function for GA3P?
Can be used for glycolysis
GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 7
what process happens here
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
Enzymes transfer 3 carbons from S-7-P to G-3-P
Transaldolase
Frcutose-6-Phosphate + Erythrose-4-Phosphate
What happens to F-3-P?
Used for glycolysis
GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 8
what process happens here
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
F-3-P is used for glycolysis, thereby leaving Erythrose-4-Phosphate…… E-4-P is combined with Xylulose-5-Phosphate
Transketolase (transfer 2 carbons from X-5-P to E-4-P)
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate + Fructose-6-Phosphate
SUMMARY
Products for each phase of PPP
Oxidative - 2 NADPH & Ribulose-5-phosphate
Non-oxidative - Different precursor metabolites
Other name for PPP
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway
What organisms commonly use END Pathway?
Prokaryotes, GRAM - bacteria (Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Agrobacterium)
GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 1
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
is ATP consumed? why or why not?
is this a reversible process?
Hexokinase
Glucose-6-Phosphate
yes
no
GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 2
what process happens here
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
NADP+ -> NADPH
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
6-Phosphate-Glucono-Delta-Lactone
GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 3
what process happens here
and what do you call the final molecule now?
H2O is required
6-Phosphate-Gluconate
GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 4
what process happens here
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
H2O is made
6-Phosphogluconate dehydratase
KDPG
GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 5
what process happens here
what enzyme is involved
and what do you call the final molecule now?
KDPG makes 2 molecules
KDPG aldolase
Pyruvate & Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 6 onwards
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate undergoes GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) until pyruvate is formed but only 1 run (since walang Dihydroxy Acetone Phosphate)
Products of GLYCOLYSIS (END)
1 ATP
1 NADPH
1 NADH
2 Pyruvate
