Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICROBIOLOGY > CH 8 > Flashcards

CH 8 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of METABOLISM

A

sum of ALL CHEMICAL REACTION PROCESSES occurring in the cell

SPECIFICALLY, the sum of ANABOLISM + CATABOLISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what makes METABOLISM possible (2)

A

flow of energy/electrons

enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

OXIDATION vs REDUCTION

A

O = loss of e-
R = gain of e-

OILRIG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

are OXIDATION and REDUCTION separate process in REDOX RECTIONS?

A

no,, for every oxidation process there is a reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does enzyme affect metabolism

A

lowers activation energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 TYPES of CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS

A
  1. Anabolism
  2. Catabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DEFINITION of anabolic reactions (+ other term)

and main pattern + energy requiring or producing?

A

BIOSYNTHETIC - build up molecules through synthesis

simpler (smaller) - > complex (bigger)

energy acquiring (endergonic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DEFINITION of catabolic reactions (+ other term)

and main pattern + energy requiring or producing?

A

DEGRADATIVE - decomposes molecules by breaking down

complex (bigger) - > simpler (smaller)

energy producing (exergonic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Identify if the ff is anabolic or catabolic process:

  1. Cellular Respiration
  2. Photosynthesis
  3. Glycolysis
  4. Converting Amino Acids into Proteins
  5. Converting Nucleic Acids into Nucleotides
A
  1. Catabolic
  2. Anabolic
  3. Catabolic
  4. Anabolic
  5. Catabolic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ANABOLISM or CATABOLISM

ATP -> ADP
ADP -> ATP

A

ATP -> ADP : Anabolic
ADP -> ATP : Catabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 TYPES of metabolic pathways/patterns and example for each

A
  1. Linear (glycolysis and electron transport chain)
  2. Cyclic (krebs cycle)
  3. Branching (amino acid synthesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 pathways to convert glucose to pyruvate

A
  1. Embden–Meyerhof (Parnas) Pathway (EMP)
  2. Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)
  3. Entner–Duodoroff Pathway (EDP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Glucose

A

A 6-carbon molecule that is a water-soluble solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does glucose enter the cellular membrane?

A

through GLUT (glucose transporters), a type of membrane protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4 Examples of GLUTs and what organisms/body parts have these GLUT receptors

A

1 - BBB (Blood, Baby-Fetus, Blood Brain Barrier)

2 - Kids Lips (Kidney, Liver, Pancreas)

are

3 - Pink (Placenta, Neuron, Kidney)

4 - Mother Father (Muscle, Fats-adipose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 1

What is added on the 6th carbon of glucose to prevent it from moving out of the membrane (considering that GLUTs are bidirectional)

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

A

PO4^3- (Phosphate Group)

HEXOKINASE

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE

Yes, the 1 phosphate grp from ATP is transferred to the glucose. thus, ATP become ADP

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 2

What is the main process that happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

A

isomerization process

phosphoglucoisomerase

fructose-6-phosphate

no

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 3

What happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

A

Carbon 1 in the glucose molecule gets a phosphate group

phosphofructokinase 1

fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

yes, another phosphate grp from ATP is transferred to the glucose (carbon 1). thus, ATP becomes ADP

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 4

What happens here?

what are the two products?

what enzyme is involved?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

A

6-Carbon molecule gets separated in half:
P-C6-C-C ||| C-C-C3-P

Dihydroxy Acetone Phosphate (C6)
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (C3)

fructose bisphosphate aldolase

no

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 5

Which of the two products from fructose 1,6-bisphosphate can immediately be converted into the next step?

What’s the next step for the other product? is this a reversible process?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P)

triosephosphate isomerase CONVERTS DHAP into GA3P

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 6

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

what does the enzyme add to the final molecule

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate

1 phosphate that attaches to C1

no

yes

**2 NAD+ is converted to 2 NADH + H+

22
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 7

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

3-phosphoglycerate

no. 1 phosphate from C1 is added to ADP 2x by the enzyme to convert into 2 ATP. This was done twice because one run was from the GA3P, and the other was from the DHAP

yes

23
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 8

what happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

A

The phosphate from C3 is transferred/mutated to C2

phosphoglycerate mutase

2-phosphoglycerate

no

yes

24
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 9

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

A

enolase

phosphoenolpyruvate

no

yes

25
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 10

what happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

A

Pyruvate kinase transfers the phosphate from the phosphoenolpyruvate to 2ADP to form 2ATP (by now, a total of 4 ATP molecules must have been made. but since 2 ATP was consumed initially in step 1, the net sum of ATP as of now is 2 [-2 + 4]).

Pyruvate kinase

pyruvate

no

no

26
Q

End products of GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - 3

A

2 ATP, 2 PYRUVATE, 2 NADH

27
Q
A
28
Q

What are the 2 main phases in PPP pathway

A
  1. Oxidative phase (S1-4)
  2. Non-oxidative phase
29
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 1

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

A

Hexokinase

Glucose-6-Phosphate

Yes

no

30
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 2

what process happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

A

oxidation of G-6-P…. NADP+ is turned to NADPH

Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase

6-Phosphoglucanolactone

31
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 3

what process happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

A

addition of H2O

Gluconolactonase

6-Phosphogluconate

32
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 4

what process happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

A

NADP+ is converted to NADPH…. 1 carbon is lost as CO2… a “decarboxylation” happens

6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

Ribulose-5-Phosphate (has 5 carbons + Phosphate)

33
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 5

what process happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

A

Ribulose-5-Phosphate gets converted into 2 molecules

Ribulose-5-Phosphate Isomerase &
Ribulose-5-Phosphate 3-Epimerase (since occurring at 3rd carbon)

Ribose-5-Phosphate (isomer) &
Xylulose-5-Phosphate (diastereomer)

34
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 6

what process happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

A

Ribose-5-Phosphate & Xylulose-5-Phosphate are combined together… the enzyme transfers 2 carbons from R-5-P to X-5-P

Transketolase

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate + Sedoheptulose-7-Phosphate (10 C molecule)

35
Q

Other function for GA3P?

A

Can be used for glycolysis

36
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 7

what process happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

A

Enzymes transfer 3 carbons from S-7-P to G-3-P

Transaldolase

Frcutose-6-Phosphate + Erythrose-4-Phosphate

37
Q

What happens to F-3-P?

A

Used for glycolysis

38
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 8

what process happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

A

F-3-P is used for glycolysis, thereby leaving Erythrose-4-Phosphate…… E-4-P is combined with Xylulose-5-Phosphate

Transketolase (transfer 2 carbons from X-5-P to E-4-P)

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate + Fructose-6-Phosphate

39
Q

SUMMARY

Products for each phase of PPP

A

Oxidative - 2 NADPH & Ribulose-5-phosphate

Non-oxidative - Different precursor metabolites

40
Q

Other name for PPP

A

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway

41
Q
A
42
Q

What organisms commonly use END Pathway?

A

Prokaryotes, GRAM - bacteria (Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Agrobacterium)

43
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 1

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

A

Hexokinase

Glucose-6-Phosphate

yes

no

44
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 2

what process happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

A

NADP+ -> NADPH

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

6-Phosphate-Glucono-Delta-Lactone

45
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 3

what process happens here

and what do you call the final molecule now?

A

H2O is required

6-Phosphate-Gluconate

46
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 4

what process happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

A

H2O is made

6-Phosphogluconate dehydratase

KDPG

47
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 5

what process happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

A

KDPG makes 2 molecules

KDPG aldolase

Pyruvate & Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

48
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 6 onwards

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate undergoes GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) until pyruvate is formed but only 1 run (since walang Dihydroxy Acetone Phosphate)

49
Q

Products of GLYCOLYSIS (END)

A

1 ATP
1 NADPH
1 NADH
2 Pyruvate

50
Q
A

MICROBIOLOGY (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions