Identify if the ff is anabolic or catabolic process: 1. Cellular Respiration 2. Photosynthesis 3. Glycolysis 4. Converting Amino Acids into Proteins 5. Converting Nucleic Acids into Nucleotides

1. Catabolic 2. Anabolic 3. Catabolic 4. Anabolic 5. Catabolic

CH 8 Flashcards by Fiara Arnaldo

Definition of METABOLISM

sum of ALL CHEMICAL REACTION PROCESSES occurring in the cell

SPECIFICALLY, the sum of ANABOLISM + CATABOLISM

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what makes METABOLISM possible (2)

flow of energy/electrons

enzymes

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OXIDATION vs REDUCTION

O = loss of e-
R = gain of e-

OILRIG

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are OXIDATION and REDUCTION separate process in REDOX RECTIONS?

no,, for every oxidation process there is a reduction

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How does enzyme affect metabolism

lowers activation energy

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2 TYPES of CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS

Anabolism
Catabolism

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DEFINITION of anabolic reactions (+ other term)

and main pattern + energy requiring or producing?

BIOSYNTHETIC - build up molecules through synthesis

simpler (smaller) - > complex (bigger)

energy acquiring (endergonic)

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DEFINITION of catabolic reactions (+ other term)

and main pattern + energy requiring or producing?

DEGRADATIVE - decomposes molecules by breaking down

complex (bigger) - > simpler (smaller)

energy producing (exergonic)

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Identify if the ff is anabolic or catabolic process:

Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Glycolysis
Converting Amino Acids into Proteins
Converting Nucleic Acids into Nucleotides

Catabolic
Anabolic
Catabolic
Anabolic
Catabolic

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ANABOLISM or CATABOLISM

ATP -> ADP
ADP -> ATP

ATP -> ADP : Anabolic
ADP -> ATP : Catabolic

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3 TYPES of metabolic pathways/patterns and example for each

Linear (glycolysis and electron transport chain)
Cyclic (krebs cycle)
Branching (amino acid synthesis)

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3 pathways to convert glucose to pyruvate

Embden–Meyerhof (Parnas) Pathway (EMP)
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)
Entner–Duodoroff Pathway (EDP)

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What is Glucose

A 6-carbon molecule that is a water-soluble solute

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How does glucose enter the cellular membrane?

through GLUT (glucose transporters), a type of membrane protein

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4 Examples of GLUTs and what organisms/body parts have these GLUT receptors

1 - BBB (Blood, Baby-Fetus, Blood Brain Barrier)

2 - Kids Lips (Kidney, Liver, Pancreas)

are

3 - Pink (Placenta, Neuron, Kidney)

4 - Mother Father (Muscle, Fats-adipose)

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GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 1

What is added on the 6th carbon of glucose to prevent it from moving out of the membrane (considering that GLUTs are bidirectional)

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

PO4^3- (Phosphate Group)

HEXOKINASE

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE

Yes, the 1 phosphate grp from ATP is transferred to the glucose. thus, ATP become ADP

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GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 2

What is the main process that happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

isomerization process

phosphoglucoisomerase

fructose-6-phosphate

yes

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GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 3

What happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

Carbon 1 in the glucose molecule gets a phosphate group

phosphofructokinase 1

fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

yes, another phosphate grp from ATP is transferred to the glucose (carbon 1). thus, ATP becomes ADP

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GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 4

What happens here?

what are the two products?

what enzyme is involved?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

6-Carbon molecule gets separated in half:
P-C6-C-C ||| C-C-C3-P

Dihydroxy Acetone Phosphate (C6)
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (C3)

fructose bisphosphate aldolase

yes

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GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 5

Which of the two products from fructose 1,6-bisphosphate can immediately be converted into the next step?

What’s the next step for the other product? is this a reversible process?

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P)

triosephosphate isomerase CONVERTS DHAP into GA3P

yes

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GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 6

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

what does the enzyme add to the final molecule

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate

1 phosphate that attaches to C1

yes

**2 NAD+ is converted to 2 NADH + H+

GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 7

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

phosphoglycerate kinase

3-phosphoglycerate

no. 1 phosphate from C1 is added to ADP 2x by the enzyme to convert into 2 ATP. This was done twice because one run was from the GA3P, and the other was from the DHAP

yes

GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 8

what happens here

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

The phosphate from C3 is transferred/mutated to C2

phosphoglycerate mutase

2-phosphoglycerate

yes

GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 9

what enzyme is involved

and what do you call the final molecule now?

is ATP consumed? why or why not?

is this a reversible process?

enolase

phosphoenolpyruvate

yes

GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - STEP 10 what happens here what enzyme is involved and what do you call the final molecule now? is ATP consumed? why or why not? is this a reversible process?

Pyruvate kinase transfers the phosphate from the phosphoenolpyruvate to 2ADP to form 2ATP (by now, a total of 4 ATP molecules must have been made. but since 2 ATP was consumed initially in step 1, the net sum of ATP as of now is 2 [-2 + 4]). Pyruvate kinase pyruvate no no

End products of GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) - 3

2 ATP, 2 PYRUVATE, 2 NADH

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What are the 2 main phases in PPP pathway

1. Oxidative phase (S1-4) 2. Non-oxidative phase

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 1 what enzyme is involved and what do you call the final molecule now? is ATP consumed? why or why not? is this a reversible process?

Hexokinase Glucose-6-Phosphate Yes no

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 2 what process happens here what enzyme is involved and what do you call the final molecule now?

oxidation of G-6-P.... NADP+ is turned to NADPH Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase 6-Phosphoglucanolactone

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 3 what process happens here what enzyme is involved and what do you call the final molecule now?

addition of H2O Gluconolactonase 6-Phosphogluconate

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 4 what process happens here what enzyme is involved and what do you call the final molecule now?

NADP+ is converted to NADPH.... 1 carbon is lost as CO2... a "decarboxylation" happens 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase Ribulose-5-Phosphate (has 5 carbons + Phosphate)

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 5 what process happens here what enzyme is involved and what do you call the final molecule now?

Ribulose-5-Phosphate gets converted into 2 molecules Ribulose-5-Phosphate Isomerase & Ribulose-5-Phosphate 3-Epimerase (since occurring at 3rd carbon) Ribose-5-Phosphate (isomer) & Xylulose-5-Phosphate (diastereomer)

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 6 what process happens here what enzyme is involved and what do you call the final molecule now?

Ribose-5-Phosphate & Xylulose-5-Phosphate are combined together... the enzyme transfers 2 carbons from R-5-P to X-5-P Transketolase Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate + Sedoheptulose-7-Phosphate (10 C molecule)

Other function for GA3P?

Can be used for glycolysis

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 7 what process happens here what enzyme is involved and what do you call the final molecule now?

Enzymes transfer 3 carbons from S-7-P to G-3-P Transaldolase Frcutose-6-Phosphate + Erythrose-4-Phosphate

What happens to F-3-P?

Used for glycolysis

GLYCOLYSIS (PPP) - STEP 8 what process happens here what enzyme is involved and what do you call the final molecule now?

F-3-P is used for glycolysis, thereby leaving Erythrose-4-Phosphate...... E-4-P is combined with Xylulose-5-Phosphate Transketolase (transfer 2 carbons from X-5-P to E-4-P) Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate + Fructose-6-Phosphate

SUMMARY Products for each phase of PPP

Oxidative - 2 NADPH & Ribulose-5-phosphate Non-oxidative - Different precursor metabolites

Other name for PPP

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway

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What organisms commonly use END Pathway?

Prokaryotes, GRAM - bacteria (Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Agrobacterium)

GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 1 what enzyme is involved and what do you call the final molecule now? is ATP consumed? why or why not? is this a reversible process?

Hexokinase Glucose-6-Phosphate yes no

GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 2 what process happens here what enzyme is involved and what do you call the final molecule now?

NADP+ -> NADPH Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 6-Phosphate-Glucono-Delta-Lactone

GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 3 what process happens here and what do you call the final molecule now?

H2O is required 6-Phosphate-Gluconate

GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 4 what process happens here what enzyme is involved and what do you call the final molecule now?

H2O is made 6-Phosphogluconate dehydratase KDPG

GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 5 what process happens here what enzyme is involved and what do you call the final molecule now?

KDPG makes 2 molecules KDPG aldolase Pyruvate & Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

GLYCOLYSIS (END) - STEP 6 onwards

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate undergoes GLYCOLYSIS (EMP) until pyruvate is formed but only 1 run (since walang Dihydroxy Acetone Phosphate)

Products of GLYCOLYSIS (END)

1 ATP 1 NADPH 1 NADH 2 Pyruvate

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