Medical Terminology 2 Flashcards
A1, A2, B1, B2
A1: Smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction.
Will increase the arterial Blood pressure do to vasoconstriction.
Abbreviations + Brand Names
Nitroglycerine (Nitrostat, Nitrobid, NTG) Nitrous Oxide (Nitronox) Ipratropium Bromide (Atrovent)
Abduction
Movement away from the midline.
-Lifting the arm out to the side.
Abnormal Respiratory Sounds
**Page 378 Table 16-1** Snoring Gurgling Stridor Coughing Wheezing Crackles (rales) Rhonchi
Acid base buffer system
CO2+H20 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3
Acidosis vs Metabolic Acidosis
Acidosis - Caused by over abundance of acid in the blood.
Metabolic acidosis - Loss of bicarbonate from the blood.
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
Sudden reduced blood flow to the heart - produces chest pain.
Adduction
Movement toward the midline
-Lowering the arm to the side of the body.
Analgesic
To reduce or relieve pain.
Anaphylactic Histamine Response
When toxic chemicals enter, the body releases large amounts of histamine, the body can’t handle large amounts so it releases epinephrine to counteract and de activate allergic reaction.
Anatomical Planes
Frontal or cornal: Divides front and back.
Sagittal: Divides left and right.
Transverse or horizontal: Divides upper and lower.
Anterior
Toward the front
APAP (Acetaminophen) concern
Primary concern is liver failure, if overused.
Apex
Tip of a structure
apex of the heart points downward
APGAR
Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respirations
Based on 0-1-2
Apnea
Absence of breathing
Arteries/Veins
Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart.
* Most cases blood is oxygenated except for pulmonary artery, which pumps deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Veins: Carry blood back to the heart.
* Most cases blood is not oxygenated except for pulmonary veins, which bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Arthritis
Inflammation of a joint
Base
The lower part of a structure
-The bases of the lungs rest against the diaphragm
Beta Blockers
Medications used primarily to manage cardiac arrhythmias and to protect the heart from heart attacks.
Blood flow through the heart
Inferior/superior vena cava Right atrium through tricuspid valve Right ventrical Pulmonary Artery Lungs Returned by pulmonary vein Left atrium through bicuspid valve Left Ventricle Aorta To body
Bronchoconstriction
Narrowing of the bronchioles
as in asthma
Burns
Superficial (1st) Partial thickness (2nd) Full thickness (3rd)
Adult: Chest 9 Abdomen 9 Upper back 9 Lower back 9 Front legs 9 Back legs 9 Head 9 Front Arm 4.5 Back arm 4.5 Genitals 1
Child: Stomach/Chest 18 Back 18 Head 18 Front legs 7 Back legs 7 Front arm 4.5 Back arm 4.5 Genitals 1
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Once inhaled it binds with the hemoglobin and prevents oxygen carrying capacity.
-Organs with the highest oxygen demand are effected first (brain etc.. which accounts for the headache, dizziness and confusion)
Cardiology paper specs
1 little box: .04 sec 1 big box (5 little): .20 sec " 5 of these ": 1 sec PR Interval: 0.12 - 0.20 sec QRS Width: 0.04 - 0.12 Paper Speed: 25mm/sec
Cardiovascular system
Heart, blood and blood vessels that provide blood access to tissues/ organs for gas exchange and nutrients.
Capnography
Normal: 35-45 mmHg
Represents the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in exhaled air.
Cellular Hypoperfusion
Shock
Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord.
Nerve tissues that control the activities of the body.
Cervical
Pertaining to the neck
Connective tissue
Tissue that provides structure and strength to the body.
-Bones, Cartilage, Adipose tissue (fat)
CPOD - CHF - Asthma
COPD- Progressive lung diseases such as emphysema, bronchitis and non reversible asthma.
CHF- Condition effecting the pumping power of the hear muscle. Stage in which fluid builds up around the heart causing it to pump inefficiently.
Asthma- Spasms in the bronchi - diff breathing, airway swells, inflames and produces extra mucus.
Corneal Reflex
Simplest way to check responsiveness
Decorticate + Decerebrate
Decorticate: stiff with arms bent, fist clenched, legs out straight. Arms bent in towards body.
- Brain problems
- Increased pressure
Decerebrate: Arms legs out straight, toes downward, head/neck arched back.
- Brain problem (drugs, bleed, tumor)
- Head injury
- Stroke
Deep
Toward the inside of the body.
Muscles are deep in reference to the skin
DKA Signs
Altered mental status
Tachycardia
Kussmaul Respirations ( Deep and labored )
-Usually associated with metabolic acidosis
Delusions
False beliefs maintained despite evidence to the contrary.
-having special powers
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hyperglycemic diabetic emergency in which patient suffers from dehydration, acidosis and electrolyte imbalance.
Manage:
Supportive measures (airway)
Large amounts of isotonic IV fluids (18G preferred)
Check lung sounds for fluid overload
Diaphoresis
excessive sweating
Difficulty breathing diagnosis
COPD: includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Usually caused by cigarette smoking.
Destruction of lung tissue, decreased diameter of airway, decreased alveolar surface for gas exchange, mucus build up is common.
CHF: Coronary artery disease (decreased blood flow to the heart muscle) usually have congested lungs from fluid build u, water retention.
Asthma: Inflammation of bronchioles, airways narrow, usually results from allergic reaction or hypersensitivity. (Albuterol - metered dose inhaler or small volume nebulizer)
Distal
Away from the midline or point of reference
Dorsal
Toward the back
Duoneb vs duodote
Duoneb: Albuterol and Iprotropium Bromide.
-Small volume mask nebulizer (Inhalation)
-Albuterol=2.5mg in 3ml
Ipratropium Bromide= 500mcg OR 125-250 mpg via neb
Duodote:Pralidoxime Chloride and Atropin.
-IM Auto injector.
Atropine= 2.1mg/0.7ml
Pralidoxime Chloride= 600mg/2ml
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing
Einthovens Triangle (Leads)
Lead 1: Right to left
Lead 2: right to down
Lead 3:Left to down
RA= WHITE LA= BLACK RL= GREEN LL= RED
Electrical path through the heart
- SA Node
- Atria contract and AV Node sends impulse via
- Conduction pathways (bundle of his)
- Ventricles then contract - pump out blood
Epiglottis Symptoms
Diff breathing
recent history
drooling
Epilepsy
Seizures of unknown etiology
-Sporadic electrical storms in the brain.
Epinephrine Production
Produced by the adrenal glands.
Causes increase in HR/BP and muscle strength
Extension
Strengthening a joint to move 2 parts further apart.
FAST (stroke)
Facial droop
Arm drift
Speech
Time
Flexion
Bending a joint to bring two parts closer together
GCS (Glasgow coma scale)
Eye opening - 4
Verbal Response - 5
Motor Response - 6
Eyes Spontaneous 4 Verbal command 3 To pain 2 None 1
Verbal Oriented 5 Disoriented 4 Inappropriate 3 Incomprehensible 2 None 1
Motor Obeys command 6 Localizes pain 5 Withdraws from pain 4 Decorticate 3 Decelerate 2 None 1
GI System
Consist of stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessary organs.
H’s
Hyper/Hypoglycemia Hypovolemia Hypoxia Hypothermia Hyper/Hypokalemia Hydrogen Ions (acidosis)
Hallucination
Sensing things while awake that appear to be real
Head Bleeds
Causes : Trauma, Tumors, Aneurysm, Blood disorders
Heat Stroke
Hot, dry, flushed skin
Hemoglobin
Protein molecule in RBC’s that carry oxygen from the lungs to body tissue and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
Hepatitis (A-B-C)
A- Virus that can infect liver, usually goes away on its own, usually spread through fecal matter.
B- Liver disease, usually spread through blood, semen, vaginal fluid.
C- Liver disease, lives in the liver cells, usually spread by blood (needles etc.) sypmtoms could last awhile.
Hemostasis
To stop bleeding or flow of blood.
Homeostasis
The state of dynamic equilibrium maintained by the body through processes of feedback and adjustment.
Hypercapnia
Excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, typically caused by inadequate respiration.
Hyperkalemia
Increased potassium in the blood
Hypoxia
Low level of oxygen
Inferior
Below
-My knee is inferior to my pelvis
Intravascular Fluid
Fluid in the blood vessel, made up of blood cells and serum (water, clotting factors, chemicals and electrolytes)
Ischemic Stroke
An obstruction of blood flow to the portion of the brain
Kidneys
Main function is to filter blood, removes waste, control fluid balance, regulates electrolytes.
Kussmaul Respirations
Regular, deep, rapid respirations in the bodys attempt to compensate from metabolic acidosis in DKA.
*Trying to increase carbon dioxide elimination.
Lateral
Toward the side, away from the midline
Leading cause of death in children
Unintentional injuries / accidents
Lethargic
Being drowsy, sluggish, tired, lack of energy
MAP
++Mean arterial pressure++
Term used to describe an average blood pressure.
Normal= 60-70mmHg
Medial
Toward the midline
Metabolic Acidosis
Occurs when the body produces excessive quantities of acid, or when kidneys don’t remove enough acid.
Metabolism
Chemical processes that allow the body to grow, reproduce, and repair itself and respond to its environment.
Microdrip vs macrodrip
Micro- More, 60 gtt/ml
Macro- Less, 10, 15, 20 gtt/ml
Midline
Vertical line separating body into left and right halves.
Minute volume
Tidal volume x respiratory rate.
Muscle tissue
Consist of three sub-types of muscle tissue (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
Negligence
Failure to provide proper care to an individual for whom they are responsible.
Oropharyngeal
Pertaining to the oral cavity
Orthopedics
Branch of medicine dealing with disorders of musculoskeletal system
Osteoporosis
Porous bones
Oxygen percentage
Fore every 1 lpm you get a 4% increase in oxygen
Pancreas
Regulates blood sugar levels
Patient refusals
Most common cause of abandonment
PEEP
Positive end expiratory pressure, pressure in the lungs above atmospheric pressure. Oxy peep most important factor is PEEP pressure, start at 5 cmH2O
Pericardium
Sac around the heart.
PH Levels
Neutral PH = 7
Normal Level = 7.35-7.45
Above= Alkalotic
Below= Acidotic
Pneumothorax
Air within the chest cavity
Posterior
Toward the back
Principle types of shock
Hypovolemic
cardiogenic
obstructive
Distributive: Septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic
Proximal
Near the midline or point of reference
-Elbow is proximal to the hand.
Pulmonary Embolus
Blockage of an artery in the lungs
Pulmonary Vein
Brings oxygen rich blood back to the heart
Respiratory Distress vs Respiratory Failure
Distress- difficulty breathing resulting in increased effort to maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation.
Failure- Inability to maintain adequate oxygenation, insufficient to support life.
**Altered mental status and skin signs = failure.
Rules for rhythm interpretation
P wave: Present? Upright? Look the same? one P for every QRS?
PR Interval: Less than or equal to 0.2 Seconds?
QRS Complex: Narrow? Less than or equal to 0.12 seconds?
Rate: Between 60-100? Above? Below?
Regularity: QRS Complex evenly spaced? is there a pattern to the irregularity?
Sepsis vs septic shock
Sepsis= bodys toxic response to infection
Septic shock= Accompanied by low blood pressure
Skeletal system
Bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments:
Bones= Provide body with structure and protection. Tendons= Connective tissue connecting bones to muscle. Ligaments= Connective tissue connecting bones to bones
Skin Colors
Pink= normal Blue= Lack of perfusion, cyanotic Pale= poor perfusion, possible shock Flushed= possible fever Jaundiced= severe liver disease Mottled= deep shock
SLUDGEM
Salvation Lacrimation Urination Defecation Gastric Upset Emesis Muscle twitching
Spinal Column
Consist of 33 vertebrae: Cervical:7 Thoracic:12 Lumbar:5 Sacral:5 Coccyx:4
Stroke patient
Most important thing is to transport without delay
Superficial
Toward the outer surface of the body
Superior
Above
T’s
Trauma Tension pneumothorax Tamponade Toxins Thrombosis Thromboembolism (PE)
Tachypnea
Abnormally rapid breathing
Tidal volume
Lung volume of normal volume of air displaced between inhalation and exhalation.
approx.: 500ml
Thrombosis
Condition of blood coagulation or clotting
Types of shock
Hypovolemic: Hemorrhage/fluid loss from N/V/D, burns
Cardiogenic: Acute MI (Most common) dysrhythmias
Distributive:
*Septic: overwhelming infection
*Anaphylactic: Anaphylaxis
Neurogenic: Trauma, lesions/tumors
Obstructive: Massive pulmonary embolism (most common), tension pneumothorax, pericardial tamponade
Vasodilation
Dilation of blood vessels
Ventral
Toward the front
-sternum is on the ventral aspect of the body.
Vitals
.
White Paper
1966 Accidental death and disability.
-Marks the beginning of modern EMS
6 rights for medication administration
**D-D-D-P-R-T** Drug Dose Documentation Patient Route Time
Delusion & Hallucination
Delusion= A false belief despite evidence to the contrary Hallucination= Hearing or feeling things that aren't there. (perceptions of a sensation)
Urinary/Renal System + Nephrons
System consist of kidneys, bladder, ureters.
Purpose is to eliminate waste from the body.
Nephrons- Filters blood
A-fib vs V-fib
A-Fib= Abnormal pacemakers in the atria, results in irregular pulse.
V-Fib= lethal cardiac rhythm were the ventricles are chaotic and does not produce contraction of the heart.
P Wave / QRS Waves / T wave
P Wave: Atrial Depolarization
QRS Waves: Ventricular Depolarization
T Wave: Ventricular Repolarization
Abdominal Quadrant Anatomy
RUQ: Liver, kidney, pancreas, gall-bladder
LUQ: Liver kidney, pancreas, spleen, stomach
RLQ: Appendix, Intestine, ureter
LLQ: Intestines, ureter
Becks Triad & Cushing’s Triad
Becks Triad: JVD, Hypotension, muffled heart sounds, all comprise the classic signs of pericardial tamponade.
Cushing’s Triad: Increased systolic BP with a widened pulse pressure and bradycardia, in combination with irregular breathing and altered mental status.
