Med-Surg: Chapter 19 Coordinating Care for Patients With Immune Disorders Flashcards
The Immune System
provides defense against microorganisms through first-line barriers to infection and the inflammatory and immune response
- prevents the proliferation of cancer cells
- initiates the healing of damaged cells
Immune Disorders May Be Due to What?
immune disorders may be due either to a deficiency or to an overactivity and may involve one or more components of the immune system
>Deficiency can result in disease processes
>Overactivation results in reactions that include anaphylaxis and autoimmune disorders
Primary Immune Dysfucntion
occurs in persons born with an immune system that is deficient or is limited in its ability to function
-intrinsic (inborn), congenital, or genetic cause
-some inherited; can be a result of predisposing genetic factors and environmental factors
>primary immunodeficiencies result from defects in T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, phagocytic cells, or the complement system
Secondary Immune Dysfunction
(Acquire immune deficiency)
- occurs when there is damage caused by an extrinsic or external environmental factor or agent
- this arises secondary to some other disease process or exposure to medications or chemicals
ex: immune deficiency caused by HIV disease, irradiation, chemotherapy, malnutrition, or burns
What is the most frequent presentation of Immune Deficiency
- frequent infections
- unusual infections
- unusual complications of usual infections
Warning Signs of Primary Immune Deficiency
- 8 or more new infections within 1 year
- 2 or more serious sinus infections within 1 year
- two or more months on antibiotics with little or no effect
- 2 or more pneumonias within 1 year
- failure of an infant to gain weight or grow normally
- recurrent deep skin or organ abscesses
- persistent thrush in the mouth or elsewhere on the skin after age 1
- need for IV antibiotics to clear infections
- 2 or more deep-seated infections
- family hx of immune deficiency
Primary Immune Dysfunction: B-Cell Deficiencies
one classification of primary immune dysfunction involves B-cell deficiencies
>B cells are involved in producing a humoral immune response, the antibody response
-an antibody, or immunoglobulin, is produced in response to a foreign substance known as a antigen
-B-cell deficiencies involve a lack of differentiation of B-cell precursors into mature B cells or lack of differentiation of B cells into plasma cells
>ex: X-linked Agammaglobulinemia
B-Cells
involved in producing a humoral immune response, the antibody response
>an antibody, or immunoglobulin, is produced in response to a foreign substance known as an antigen
Primary Immune Dysfunction: T-Cell Deficiencies
T lymphocytes include subtypes CD4 helper and CD8 cytotoxic T cells; responsible for the cell-mediated immune response that protects against fungal, protozoan, viral, and intracellular bacterial infections; also responsible for controlling malignant cell proliferation and coordination of the immune response
- T-cell deficiencies lead to infections and other problems that are more severe than B-cell deficiencies
ex: DiGeorge’s Syndrome
T-Cells
include subtypes CD4 Helper and CD8 cytotoxic T cells
- responsible for cell-mediated immune response that protects against fungal, protozoan, viral, and intracellular bacterial infections
- responsible for controlling malignant cell proliferation and coordination of the immune response
Example of Secondary Immune Dysfunction
therapy-induced deficiencies
Excessive Immune Response
when the immune system is initiated inappropriately or when it overreacts
- autoimmunity disorders
- hypersensitivity disorders/reactions (Type I, II, III, IV and V)
Autoimmunity
the body initiates an immune response against self; antibodies are formed that respond to normal healthy cells and tissue
- body fails to recognize these normal cells as self, which causes an immune reaction to occur against the perceived antigen, the healthy cell
- cause of autoimmune diseases is still unknown
Hypersensitivity Reaction
when the immune response is overreactive to a foreign antigen; an antigen is a foreign protein that stimulates an immune response in a susceptible individual
>hypersensitivity reactions can be damaging to the body, cause discomfort, and may be fatal as in anaphylaxis
-5 types: I, II, III, IV, and V
Graves Disease is an autoimmune disorder that results from what type of hypersensitivity?
Type V
