ATI: Toddlers Flashcards
When does the anterior fontanelle close?
by 18 months
Weight
grow 4 to 6 lbs per year
Age Group of a Toddler
1 to 3 years
Height
grow 3 inches per year
Contribution to self-care activities
- dressing
- feeding
- toileting
Cognitive Development: Piaget
Preoperational
- concept of object permanence is fully developed
- have and demonstrate memories of events that relate to them
- domestic mimicry (playing house)
- preoperational thought does not allow toddlers to understand other viewpoints; allows them to symbolize objects and people in order to imitate activities they have seen
Language Development
- by 2 years, most understand 300 words and can speak in two-to three word phrases
- ability to comprehend speech outweighs the number of words and phrases spoken
Psychosocial Development: Erikson
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- independence is paramount as toddlers attempt to do everything for themselves
- separation anxiety continues when parents leave
- toddler might show regression (bed-wetting, thumb sucking) as a response to anxiety or separation
- engages in parallel play
Egocentric
toddlers are unable to see another’s perspective; they can only view things from their point of view
Punishment and Obedience
begins with a sense that others reward good behavior and punish bad behavior
Self-Concept Development
see themselves as separate from their parents and increase their explorations away from them
Body-image changes
appreciate the usefulness of various body parts
Parallel Play
toddlers observe other children and then engage in activities nearby
Temper Tantrums
result when toddlers are frustrated with restrictions on independence
-providing consistent age-appropriate expectations helps them work through their frustration
>offer choices (juice or milk) instead of providing an opportunity for a yes/no response from the toddler
Toilet Training
can begin with awareness of the sensation of needing to urinate or defecate
- toddler should show indications of readiness and parents should demonstrate patience, consistency, and a nonjudgmental attitude
- nighttime control can develop last
Discipline
should be consistent with well-defined boundaries that help develop acceptable social behvaior
Appropriate activities
- filling and emptying containers
- playing with blocks
- looking at books
- playing with push and pull toys
- tossing a ball
Immunizations
for 12 months to 3 years immunizations include:
-against hepatitis A and B, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTap), measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), varicella, polio, influenza, Haemophilus influenza type B (HiB), and pneumococcal pneumonia
>DTap, HiB, PCV, MMR, varicella, Hep A, annual flu
Nutrition
- peaky eaters with repeated requests for favorite foods
- consume 2 to 3 cups (16 to 24 oz) per day
- switch from drinking whole milk to low-fat or fat-free milk at 2 years of age
- limit juice to 4 to 6 oz a day
- food serving size is 1 tbsp for each year of age
- can be reluctant to try or accept new foods
- regular meal times and nutritious snacks
- as they become more autonomous, they prefer finger food
- avoid snacks and desserts high in sugar, fat, or sodium
- avoid foods that are choking hazards (nuts, grapes, hot dogs, peanut butter, raw carrots, tough meats, popcorn)
- supervise during snack and meal times
- cur food into small, bite-sized pieces
- do not allow to eat or drink during play activities or while lying down
- do not use food as a reward or punishment
- brush teeth and begin dental visits
- do not allow child to use a bottle during naps or bedtime to reduce risk of dental caries
Prevent Aspiration
- avoid small objects (grapes, coins, candy) that can lodge in the throat
- keep toys with small parts out of reach
- provide age-appropriate toys
- check clothing for safety hazards (loose buttons)
- keep balloons away from toddlers
Prevent Bodily Harm
- keep sharp objects out of reach
- keep firearms in a locked box or cabinet
- do not leave toddlers unattended with animals present
- teach stranger safety
Prevent Burns
- check temperature of bath water
- turn down the thermostat on the water heater
- have smoke detectors in the home and replace their batteries regularly
- turn pot handles toward the back of the stove
- cover electrical outlets
- use sunscreen when outside
Prevent Drowning
- do not leave toddler unattended in the bathtub
- keep toilet lids closed
- supervise at pool or any other body of water
- teach toddlers to swim
Prevent Falls
- keep doors and windows locked
- keep the crib mattress in the lowest position with the rails all the way up
- use safety gates across stairs
Motor-Vehicle Injury Prevention
- use an approved car seat in the back seat, away from airbags
- toddlers should be in a rear-facing car seat at least until age 2 or until they exceed the height and weight limit of the car seat
- they can then sit in an approved forward-facing car seat in the back seat, using a 5-point harness or T-shield until they exceed the manufacturer’s recommended height and weight
- read all car safety guidelines
- not to run or ride a tricycle in the street
- never leave a toddler alone in the car; especially warm weather
Poison Prevention
- avoid exposure to lead paint
- place safety locks on cabinets that contain cleaners and other chemicals
- keep plants out of reach
- keep a poison control number handy or program it into phone
- keep medications in childproof containers out of the child’s reach
- have a carbon monoxide detector in the house
Prevent Suffocation
- keep plastic bags out of reach
- be sure the crib mattress fits tightly
- ensure crib slats are no farther apart than 6 cm (2.4 in)
- keep pillows out of the crib
- remove drawstrings from jackets and other clothing
Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 15 months
Gross: -walks without help -creeps up stairs -assumes standing position Fine: -uses cup well -builds tower of 2 blocks
Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 18 months
Gross: -jumps in place with both feet Fine: -manages spoon without rotation -turns pages in book 2 or 3 at a time
Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 2 Years
Gross:
-walks up and down stairs
Fine:
-build a tower with 6 or 7 blocks
Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 2.5 years
Gross: -jumps with both feet -stands on one foot momentarily Fine: -draws circles -has good hand-finger coordination
