ATI: Toddlers

Question 1

When does the anterior fontanelle close?

Answer 1

by 18 months

Question 2

Weight

Answer 2

grow 4 to 6 lbs per year

Question 3

Age Group of a Toddler

Answer 3

1 to 3 years

Question 4

Height

Answer 4

grow 3 inches per year

Question 5

Contribution to self-care activities

Answer 5

• dressing
• feeding
• toileting

Question 6

Cognitive Development: Piaget

Answer 6

Preoperational

• concept of object permanence is fully developed
• have and demonstrate memories of events that relate to them
• domestic mimicry (playing house)
• preoperational thought does not allow toddlers to understand other viewpoints; allows them to symbolize objects and people in order to imitate activities they have seen

Question 7

Language Development

Answer 7

• by 2 years, most understand 300 words and can speak in two-to three word phrases
• ability to comprehend speech outweighs the number of words and phrases spoken

Question 8

Psychosocial Development: Erikson

Answer 8

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

• independence is paramount as toddlers attempt to do everything for themselves
• separation anxiety continues when parents leave
• toddler might show regression (bed-wetting, thumb sucking) as a response to anxiety or separation
• engages in parallel play

Question 9

Egocentric

Answer 9

toddlers are unable to see another’s perspective; they can only view things from their point of view

Question 10

Punishment and Obedience

Answer 10

begins with a sense that others reward good behavior and punish bad behavior

Question 11

Self-Concept Development

Answer 11

see themselves as separate from their parents and increase their explorations away from them

Question 12

Body-image changes

Answer 12

appreciate the usefulness of various body parts

Question 13

Parallel Play

Answer 13

toddlers observe other children and then engage in activities nearby

Question 14

Temper Tantrums

Answer 14

result when toddlers are frustrated with restrictions on independence
-providing consistent age-appropriate expectations helps them work through their frustration
>offer choices (juice or milk) instead of providing an opportunity for a yes/no response from the toddler

Question 15

Toilet Training

Answer 15

can begin with awareness of the sensation of needing to urinate or defecate

• toddler should show indications of readiness and parents should demonstrate patience, consistency, and a nonjudgmental attitude
• nighttime control can develop last

Question 16

Discipline

Answer 16

should be consistent with well-defined boundaries that help develop acceptable social behvaior

Question 17

Appropriate activities

Answer 17

• filling and emptying containers
• playing with blocks
• looking at books
• playing with push and pull toys
• tossing a ball

Question 18

Immunizations

Answer 18

for 12 months to 3 years immunizations include:
-against hepatitis A and B, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTap), measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), varicella, polio, influenza, Haemophilus influenza type B (HiB), and pneumococcal pneumonia
>DTap, HiB, PCV, MMR, varicella, Hep A, annual flu

Question 19

Nutrition

Answer 19

• peaky eaters with repeated requests for favorite foods
• consume 2 to 3 cups (16 to 24 oz) per day
• switch from drinking whole milk to low-fat or fat-free milk at 2 years of age
• limit juice to 4 to 6 oz a day
• food serving size is 1 tbsp for each year of age
• can be reluctant to try or accept new foods
• regular meal times and nutritious snacks
• as they become more autonomous, they prefer finger food
• avoid snacks and desserts high in sugar, fat, or sodium
• avoid foods that are choking hazards (nuts, grapes, hot dogs, peanut butter, raw carrots, tough meats, popcorn)
• supervise during snack and meal times
• cur food into small, bite-sized pieces
• do not allow to eat or drink during play activities or while lying down
• do not use food as a reward or punishment
• brush teeth and begin dental visits
• do not allow child to use a bottle during naps or bedtime to reduce risk of dental caries

Question 20

Prevent Aspiration

Answer 20

• avoid small objects (grapes, coins, candy) that can lodge in the throat
• keep toys with small parts out of reach
• provide age-appropriate toys
• check clothing for safety hazards (loose buttons)
• keep balloons away from toddlers

Question 21

Prevent Bodily Harm

Answer 21

• keep sharp objects out of reach
• keep firearms in a locked box or cabinet
• do not leave toddlers unattended with animals present
• teach stranger safety

Question 22

Prevent Burns

Answer 22

• check temperature of bath water
• turn down the thermostat on the water heater
• have smoke detectors in the home and replace their batteries regularly
• turn pot handles toward the back of the stove
• cover electrical outlets
• use sunscreen when outside

Question 23

Prevent Drowning

Answer 23

• do not leave toddler unattended in the bathtub
• keep toilet lids closed
• supervise at pool or any other body of water
• teach toddlers to swim

Question 24

Prevent Falls

Answer 24

• keep doors and windows locked
• keep the crib mattress in the lowest position with the rails all the way up
• use safety gates across stairs

Question 25

Motor-Vehicle Injury Prevention

Answer 25

• use an approved car seat in the back seat, away from airbags
• toddlers should be in a rear-facing car seat at least until age 2 or until they exceed the height and weight limit of the car seat
• they can then sit in an approved forward-facing car seat in the back seat, using a 5-point harness or T-shield until they exceed the manufacturer’s recommended height and weight
• read all car safety guidelines
• not to run or ride a tricycle in the street
• never leave a toddler alone in the car; especially warm weather

Question 26

Poison Prevention

Answer 26

• avoid exposure to lead paint
• place safety locks on cabinets that contain cleaners and other chemicals
• keep plants out of reach
• keep a poison control number handy or program it into phone
• keep medications in childproof containers out of the child’s reach
• have a carbon monoxide detector in the house

Question 27

Prevent Suffocation

Answer 27

• keep plastic bags out of reach
• be sure the crib mattress fits tightly
• ensure crib slats are no farther apart than 6 cm (2.4 in)
• keep pillows out of the crib
• remove drawstrings from jackets and other clothing

Question 28

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 15 months

Answer 28

Gross: 
-walks without help
-creeps up stairs
-assumes standing position
Fine:
-uses cup well
-builds tower of 2 blocks

Question 29

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 18 months

Answer 29

Gross:
-jumps in place with both feet
Fine:
-manages spoon without rotation
-turns pages in book 2 or 3 at a time

Question 30

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 2 Years

Answer 30

Gross:
-walks up and down stairs
Fine:
-build a tower with 6 or 7 blocks

Question 31

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 2.5 years

Answer 31

Gross: 
-jumps with both feet
-stands on one foot momentarily
Fine:
-draws circles
-has good hand-finger coordination