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Nursing 271 > ATI: Infants > Flashcards

ATI: Infants Flashcards

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1
Q

Physical Development

A
  • lose 5% to 10% body birth weight in first few days, but should regain it by the second week
  • weight gain is about 5 to 7 oz per week in the first 6 months (should be doubled)
  • measurements of crown-to-rump length, head-to-heel length, head circumference, and chest circumference are key indicators of appropriate growth
  • head molding (overlapping of skull bones) present
  • fontanelles are palpable
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2
Q

Reflexes

A

startling, sucking, rooting, grasping, yawning, coughing, plantar and palmar grasp, and Babinski
>confirm presence or absence of expected reflexes to monitor for appropriate neurological development

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3
Q

Body Position

A
  • flexed at rest

- movement should involve all 4 extremities equally, but can be sporadic

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4
Q

Sleep

A
  • sleep patterns can be reversed for several months (daytime sleeping and nighttime wakefulness)
  • average 15 hours of sleep time each day
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5
Q

Cognitive Development

A
  • learn to respond to visual stimuli
  • use cry as a form of communication
  • cry patterns can change to reflect different needs
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6
Q

Psychosocial Developement

A

-interactions with caregivers affect psychosocial development
>positive= promote nurturing and attachment
>negative= hinders appropriate attachment
-most newborns can mimic the smile of the caregiver by 2 weeks of life

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7
Q

Posterior Fontanelle Closes When?

A

by 2 to 3 months of age

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8
Q

Anterior Fontanelle Closes When?

A

by 12 to 18 months of age

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9
Q

Weight

A
  • double by 4 to 6 months of age

- triple by 12 months of age

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10
Q

Height

A
  • grow 2.5 cm (1 in) per month in the first 6 months

- grow 1.25 cm (0.5 in) per month until the end of the first year

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11
Q

Head Circumference

A
  • increases 2 cm per month during first 3 months
  • 1 cm per month from 4 to 6 months
  • 0.5 cm per month from 6 to 12 months
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12
Q

Teeth

A

6 to 8 teeth erupt in the infants mouth by the end of the first year

  • use cold teething rings, OTC teething gels, and acetaminophen or ibuprofen
  • use a cool, wet washcloth to clean the teeth
  • do not give infants a bottle when they are falling asleep; prolonged exposure to milk or juice can cause dental caries
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13
Q

Cognitive Development: Piaget

A

Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 years)

  • separation is the sense of being distinct from other objects in the environment
  • object permanence develops at 9 months of age
  • recognition of symbols
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14
Q

Object Permanence

A
  • develops at 9 months

- process of knowing that an object still exists when it is hidden from view

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15
Q

Language Development

A
  • responds to noises
  • vocalizes with “oohs” and “aahs”
  • laughs and squeals
  • turns head to the sound of a rattle
  • begins to comprehend simple commands
  • pronounces single-syllable words
  • begins speaking two- and then three- word phrases
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16
Q

Psychosocial Development: Eriskson’s

A

Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1 Year)

  • infants trust that others will meet their feeding, comfort, stimulation, and caring needs
  • infants reflexive behavior (attachment, separation recognition/anxiety, and stranger fear) influences their social development
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17
Q

When Does Attachment Begin?

A

infant begins to bond with their parents

  • develops within the first month, but begins before birth
  • process is optimal when parents are in good health, have positive feeding experiences, and receive adequate rest
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18
Q

When Does Separation Recognition Begin?

A
  • occurs during the first year as infants recognize the boundaries between themselves and others
  • learning how to respond to people in their environment is the next stage of development
  • positive interaction with parents, siblings, and other caregivers help establish trust
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19
Q

When Does Separation Anxiety Begin?

A
  • develops between 4 to 8 months of age

- infants protest loudly when separated from parents, which can cause anxiety for parents

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20
Q

When does stranger fear become evident?

A

between ages 6 to 8 months; when infants are less likely to accept strangers

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21
Q

Self-Concept Development

A

by the end of the first year, infants distinguish themselves as separate from their parents

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22
Q

Body-Image Changes

A
  • discover that the mouth is a pleasure producer
  • hands and feet are objects of play
  • smiling makes others react
23
Q

Age-Appropriate Activities

A

-have a short attention span
-do not interact with other children during play (solitary play)
>toys and activities that stimulate the senses and encourage development:
-rattles
-mobiles
-teething toys
-nesting toys
-playing pat-a-cake
-playing with balls
-reading books

24
Q

Immunizations

A
  • Birth: Hep B
  • 2 months: Hep B, DTap, HIB, polio, PCV, rotavirus
  • 4 months: DTap, HIB, Polio, PCV, rotavirus
  • 6 months: Hep B, DTap, HIB, Polio, PCV, rotavirus, annual flu
  • 12-18 months: DTap, HiB, PCV, MMR, Varicella, Hep A, annual flu
25
Q

Breasfeeding

A

provides optimal nutrition during the first 12 months

26
Q

Feeding alternative to breastfeeding

A

-iron-fortified formula

27
Q

Cows Milk

A

-inadequate and not given before 1 year of age

28
Q

When Can Weaning from A Bottle or Breast Begin?

A

when infants can drink from a cup (after 6 months)

  • replace a single bottle- or breast feeding- with breast milk or formula in a cup
  • every few days, replace another feeding with a cup
  • replace the bedtime feeding last
29
Q

When is Solid Foods Introduced

A

6 months

  • readiness= voluntary control of the head and trunk and disappearance of the extrusion reflex (pushing food out of the mouth)
  • introduced iron-fortified cereal first
  • solid food is not a substitute for breast milk or formula until after 12 months
30
Q

How to Start new foods

A
  • one at a time over a 5 to 7 day period to observe for s/s of allergy or intolerance (fussiness, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation)
  • Vegetables, Fruits, and Meats follow; in that order
31
Q

When are you allowed to give honey to infants?

A

until after 12 months

-it can cause infant botulism

32
Q

Appropriate finger foods to introduce at around 9 months

A
  • ripe bananas
  • toast strips
  • graham crackers
  • cheese cubes
  • noodles
  • peeled chunks of apples, pears, and peaches
33
Q

When is Fluoridated water or supplemental fluoride available to use?

A

after 6 months to prevent against dental caries

34
Q

Prevent Aspiration

A
  • avoid small objects (grapes, coins, and candy), which can become lodged in the throat
  • provide age-appropriate toys
  • check clothing for safety hazards (loose buttons)
35
Q

Prevent Bodily Harm

A
  • keep sharp objects out of reach
  • keep infants away from heavy objects they can pull down
  • do not leave infants alone with animals
  • monitor for shaken baby syndrome
36
Q

Prevent Burns

A
  • check the temperature of bath water
  • turn down the thermostat on the hot water heater to 120 degrees F or below
  • have smoke detectors in the home and change their batteries regularly
  • turn handles of pots and pans toward the back of the stove
  • apply sunscreen when outdoors during daylight hours
  • cover electrical outlets
37
Q

Prevent Drowning

A

-do not leave alone in bathtub

38
Q

Prevent Falls

A
  • keep the crib mattress in the lowest position with the rails all the way up
  • use restraints in infant seats
  • place infants seat on the ground or floor, and do not leave them unattended or on elevated surfaces
  • use safety gates across stairs
39
Q

Prevent Poisoning

A
  • avoid lead paint exposure
  • keep toxins and plants out of reach
  • keep safety locks on cabinets that contain cleaners and other household chemicals
  • keep a poison control number handy or program it into the phone
  • keep medications in childproof containers and out of reach
  • have a carbon monoxide detector in the home
40
Q

Motor-Vehicle Injury Prevention

A
  • use an approved rear-facing car seat in the back seat, in the middle (away from air bags and side impact)
  • should sit in a rear-facing position at least until age 2 or until they reach maximum height and weight for car seat
  • convertible restraints should have a 5-point harness or T-shield
41
Q

Prevent Suffocation

A
  • keep balloons and plastic bags away from infants
  • be sure the crib mattress is firm and fits tightly
  • ensure crib slats are no farther apart than 6 cm (2.4 in)
  • remove crib mobiles or crib gyms by 4 to 5 months of age
  • do not use pillows in crib
  • place infants on back for sleep
  • keep toys that have small parts out of reach
  • remove drawstrings from jackets and other clothing
42
Q

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 1 Month

A

Gross:
-demonstrates head lag
Fine:
-has a strong grasp reflex

43
Q

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 2 Months

A 
Gross:
-lifts head off mattress when prone
Fine:
-holds hands in an open position
-grasp reflex fading
44
Q

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 3 Months

A 
Gross:
-raises head and shoulders off mattress when prone
-only slight head lag
Fine:
-no longer has grasp reflex
-keeps hands loosely open
45
Q

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 4 Months

A 
Gross:
-rolls from back to side
Fine: 
-grasps objects with both hands
-places objects in mouth
46
Q

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 5 Months

A

Gross:
-rolls from front to back
Fine:
-uses palmar grasp dominantly

47
Q

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 6 Months

A

Gross:
-roll from back to front
Fine:
-hold bottle

48
Q

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 7 months

A 
Gross:
-bears full weight on feet
-sits, leaning forward on both hands
Fine:
-moves objects from hand to hand
49
Q

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 8 Months

A

Gross:
-sits unsupported
Fine:
-begins using pincer grasp

50
Q

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 9 Months

A 
Gross:
-pulls to a standing position
Fine: 
-has a crude pincer grasp
-dominant hand preference evident
51
Q

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 10 months

A

Gross:
-changes from a prone to a sitting position
Fine:
-grasps rattle by its handle

52
Q

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 11 months

A 
Gross:
-cruises or walks while holding onto something
Fine:
-places objects into a container
-neat pincer grasp
53
Q

Gross Motor and Fine Motor Skills: 12 months

A

Gross:
-sits down from a standing position without assistance
-walks with one hand held
Fine:
-tries to build a two-block tower without success
-can turn pages in a book

Nursing 271 (208 decks)

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