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Nursing 271 > ATI: Preschoolers > Flashcards

ATI: Preschoolers Flashcards

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1
Q

What age are preschoolers?

A

3 to 6 years

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2
Q

Physical Development

A
  • development occurs at a more gradual rate than cognitive and psychosocial development
  • evolve from the characteristically unsteady wide stance and protruding abdomen of toddlers to the more graceful, posturally erect, and sturdy physicality
  • male preschoolers have a tendency to appear larger with more muscle mass
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3
Q

Weight

A

gain about 4.5 to 6.5 pounds per year

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4
Q

Height

A

grow about 6.3 to 9 cm (2.4 to 3.5 inches) per year

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5
Q

Fine and Gross Motor Skills

A

show an improvement in fine motor skills

>copying figures on paper, scribbling, drawing, and dressing themselves

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6
Q

Cognitive Development: Piaget

A

preoperational stage

  • participate in preconceptual thought (2 to 4 years of age)
  • participate in intuitive thought (4 to 7 years)
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7
Q

Preconceptual thought

A

(2 to 4 years of age)
-makes judgments based on visual appearances
>misconceptions in thinking during this stage include:
-Artificialism: everything is made by humans
-Animism: inanimate objects are alive
-Imminent justice: a universal code exists that determines law and order

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8
Q

Intuitive Thought

A

(4 to 7 years of age)

-preschoolers can classify and begin to question information and become aware of cause- and - effect relationships

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9
Q

Time Concept

A

begin to understand the concepts of past, present, and future
-by the end of the preschool years, they can comprehend days of the week

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10
Q

Language Development

A
  • vocabulary continues to increase
  • by age 6, contains 8000 to 14000 words
  • desires and frustrations are more verbally articulated
  • a need to learn information is expressed through questioning
  • phonetically similar words (eye and I) are difficult to comprehend
  • speak in sentences, identify colors, and enjoy talking
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11
Q

Psychosocial Development: Erikson’s

A

Initiative vs Guilt

  • preschoolers take on many new experiences, despite not having all of the physical abilities necessary to be successful at everything
  • when children are unable to accomplish a task, they can feel guilty and believe they have misbehaved
  • guide preschoolers to attempt activities within their capabilities while setting limits
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12
Q

Moral Development

A

continue in the good-bad orientation of the toddler years but begin to understand behavior in terms of what is socially acceptable

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13
Q

Self-Concept

A

feel good about themselves for mastering skills (dressing and feeding) that allow independence
-during stress, insecurity, or illness, they tend to regress to previous immature behavior or develop habits (nose picking, bed-wetting, or thumb sucking)

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14
Q

Body-image Changes

A
  • mistaken perceptions of reality coupled with misconceptions in thinking lead to active fantasies and fears
  • fear bodily harm, the dark, ghosts, animals, inclement weather, and medical personnel
  • sex-role identification is typical
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15
Q

Social Developement

A

-generally do not exhibit stranger anxiety and have less separation anxiety; leads to exploring their neighborhood environment and making new friends
>prolonged separation (during hospitalization) can provoke anxiety; favorite toys and play help ease fears
-pretend play is healthy and allows children to determine the difference between reality and fantasy

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16
Q

Sleep

A

sleep disturbances are common; problems range from difficulties going to bed to night terrors
>advise parents to:
-assess whether the bedtime is too early for children who still take naps; average about 12 hours of sleep a day; some still require daytime nap
-keep consistent bedtime routine; help children slow down in preparation for bedtime; avoid media use or other stimulation before bed
-use a night light
-reassure children who are frightened
-ensure media content the child views is appropriate and non-violent

17
Q

Associative Play

A

play is not highly organized, and preschoolers do not cooperate during play

18
Q

Age-appropriate activities

A
  • playing ball
  • putting puzzles together
  • riding tricycle
  • pretend and dress-up activities
  • musical toys
  • painting, drawing, and coloring
  • sewing cards
  • cooking and housekeeping toys
  • looking at illustrated books
  • technology (video and computer programs) to support development and learn new skills
19
Q

Immunizations

A

-against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, seasonal influenza, and polio
>recommendations change periodically for all children
(4-6: DTap, Polio, MMR, Varicella, Annual Flu)

20
Q

Nutrition

A
  • preschoolers who are mildly active require a caloric intake of 1200 to 1400 per day
  • picky eating remains a problem for some preschoolers, but often by age 5 they become a bit more willing to sample different foods
  • age 3 need 13 to 19 g of protein daily
  • age 4 to 5 need 25 g of protein
  • adequate calcium, iron, folate, and vitamins A and C
21
Q

Prevention of Bodily Harm

A
  • keep fire arms in a locked cabinet or container
  • teach stranger safety
  • wear helmets riding a bicycle or tricycle and during other activities that increase head-injury risk
  • wear protective equipment (helmet and pads) during physical activity
  • remove doors from unused refrigerators or other equipment
  • not to walk in front of swings
22
Q

Prevention of Burns

A
  • reduce the temperature setting on the water heater
  • have smoke detectors in the home and replace the batteries regularly
  • use sunscreen while outdoors
  • not to play with matches
23
Q

Prevent Drowning

A
  • do not leave unattended in bathtub
  • supervise by pool or any body of water
  • teach how to swim
24
Q

Prevent Motor Vehicle-Injury

A
  • sit in forward-facing car seat with a harness for as long as possible, at least to 4 years of age
  • sit in back seat away from airbags
  • children who outgrow the seat before age 4 should use a seat with a harness approved for higher weights and heights; use a belt-positioning booster seat until the vehicle’s seat belt fits properly (ages 8 and 12 years)
25
Q

Prevent Poisoning

A
  • avoid exposure to lead paint
  • keeps plants out of reach
  • place safety locks on cabinets with cleaners and other chemicals
  • keep a poison control number handy or program it in phone
  • keep medications in childproof containers
  • have a carbon monoxide detector in home
26
Q

Gross Motor Skills: 3 year old

A
  • ride a tricycle
  • jump off bottom step
  • stand on one foot for a few seconds
27
Q

Gross Motor Skills: 4 year old

A
  • skip and hop on one foot

- throw ball overhead

28
Q

Gross Motor Skill: 5 Year old

A
  • jump rope
  • walk backward with heel to toe
  • moves up and down stairs easily

Nursing 271 (208 decks)

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