Lesson 4E (Part 1)

Question 1

What are examples of renal vascular abnormalities? (6)

Answer 1

1. Renal artery occlusion and infarction
2. Arteriovenous fistula and malformation
3. Renal artery stenosis
4. Renal artery aneurysm
5. Renal vein thrombosis
6. Ovarian vein thrombosis

Question 2

RVT

Answer 2

Renal vein thrombosis

Question 3

What is renal vein thrombosis due to? (5)

Answer 3

1. Underlying abnormality of the kidney
2. Dehydration
3. Hypercoagulable state
4. Tumors of the kidney
5. Left adrenal gland may spread into the veins

Question 4

What are some extrinsic compression related to tumors that slow the venous flow? (3)

Answer 4

1. Retroperitoneal fibrosis
2. Pancreatitis
3. Trauma

Question 5

What is the etiology of RVT?

Answer 5

Membraneous glomerulonephritis

- 50% of the time

Question 6

What do patients with RVT present? (2)

Answer 6

1. Flank pain

2. Hematuria

Question 7

How does acute RVT look like on US?

Answer 7

Large edematous hypoechoic kidney

- swollen

Question 8

Acute RVT

Answer 8

Loss of normal corticomedullary differentiation acute due to a clot in the renal vein

Question 9

What does chronic RVT look like on US?

Answer 9

Appears as small end stage echogenic kidney

- atrophic

Question 10

What may develop with chronic RVT?

Answer 10

Occlusion

- blockage

Question 11

What are 8 types of medical genitourinary disease?

Answer 11

1. Acute tubular Necrosis
2. Acute cortical Necrosis
3. Glomerulonephritis
4. Acute interstitial nephritis
5. Diabetes Mellitus
6. Amyloidosis
7. Endometriosis
8. Interstitial cystitis

Question 12

What is the most common cause of acute reversible renal failure?

Answer 12

Acute tubular necrosis

Question 13

What does acute tubular necrosis look like on US?

Answer 13

Deposition of cellular debris within renal collecting tubules

Question 14

Is US good for identifying acute tubular necrosis?

Answer 14

No

Question 15

What is a rate cause of acute renal failure?

Answer 15

Acute cortical necrosis

Question 16

What does acute cortical necrosis look like on US? (2)

Answer 16

1. Cortex is hypoechoic in acute phase
2. Atrophy
   - after 2 months

Question 17

What is acute glomerulonephrotos?

Answer 17

Necrosis and mesangial cell proliferation of the glomerulus

Question 18

What are symptoms of acute glomerulonephrotos? (3)

Answer 18

1. Hypertension
2. Hematuria
3. Azotemia

Question 19

How are the kidneys affect with acute glomerulonephrotos? (2)

Answer 19

1. Both kidneys are affected
2. May be normal or enlarge
   - with treatment they go back to normal

Question 20

What happens with chronic glomerulonephrotos?

Answer 20

Profound, global symmetrical parenchymal loss occurs

Question 21

How does chronic glomerulonephrotos look like on US? (2)

Answer 21

1. Small smooth echogenic kidneys

2. Prominent central echo complex

Question 22

Parenchymal loss

Answer 22

Scarring

Question 23

Acute interstitial nephrosis

Answer 23

Acute hypersensitivity reaction of the kidney to drugs

Question 24

What does renal failure resolve with?

Answer 24

Cessation of drug

Question 25

What does acute interstitial nephritis look like on US?

Answer 25

Enlarged echogenic kidneys

Question 26

What is the most common cause of chronic renal failure?

Answer 26

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 27

What is present in amyloidosis?

Answer 27

Renal failure

Question 28

Who is amyloidosis more common in?

Answer 28

Males

- 60

Question 29

What does amyloidosis look like in the acute phase?

Answer 29

Enlarged kidneys

Question 30

What does amyloidosis look like with progression? (6)

Answer 30

1. Kidneys shrink
2. Cortical atrophy
3. Increased echogenicity
4. Focal renal masses
5. Calcification
6. Central or perirenal masses

Question 31

What may amyloidosis involve? (2)

Answer 31

1. Ureter

2. Bladder

Question 32

What is used for diagnosis with amyloidosis?

Answer 32

Biopsy