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Abdominal Pathology > Lesson 1C (Part 1) > Flashcards

Lesson 1C (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is one of the most common malignant tumours?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

- HCC

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2
Q

Who is HCC more common in?

A

Men

- 5:1

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3
Q

What are the causes of HCC? (4)

A
  1. Alcoholic cirrhosis
  2. Viral Hep B&C
  3. Fatty liver-steatohepatitis-cirrhosis
  4. Fungi and toxins in food
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4
Q

What are symptoms of hepatocellular carcinoma?

A
  1. RUQ pain
  2. Weight loss
  3. Abdominal swelling
    - ascites is present
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5
Q

What are 3 pathological forms of HCC?

A
  1. Solitary tumor
  2. Multiple nodules
  3. Diffuse infiltration
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6
Q

What does HCC sometimes invade?

A

The portal vein

- 30-60% of cases

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7
Q

Budd–Chiari syndrome

A

The condition is caused by occlusion of the hepatic veins that drain the liver
- is a very rare condition,

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8
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of HCC? (4)

A
  1. Hypoechoic, complex or echogenic
  2. Smaller nodules
  3. Thin peripheral hypoechoic halo
    - fibrous capsule
  4. Becomes more complex over time
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9
Q

What other testings can be done for HCC? (4)

A
  1. CEUS
  2. CT scan
  3. MRI
  4. Doppler
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10
Q

What is a subtype of HCC?

A

Fibrolamellar carcinoma

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11
Q

Who are fibrolamellar carcinoma more common in? (2)

A
  1. Adolescents

2. Young adults

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12
Q

What does fibrolamellar carcinoma coexist without?

A

A liver disease

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13
Q

What is recommended treatment for fibrolamellar carcinoma?

A

Surgical resection of the tumour

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14
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of fibrolamellar carcinoma? (2)

A
  1. Echogenicity is variable
  2. Calcification
    - central echogenic scar distinguishes it from hepatomas of HCC
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15
Q

Hemagiosarcoma

A

Extremely rare malignant tumor

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16
Q

Who is more common to get hemagiosarcoma?

A

Adults 60-70 years of age

17
Q

What is hemagiosarcoma associated with?

A

Carcinogens

18
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of hemagiosarcoma?

A

Large mass of mixed echogenicity

19
Q

Hepatic epitheloid

A

Rare malignant tumour of vascular origin

20
Q

Who is more common to get hepatic epitheloid?

A

Adults

21
Q

What are affected with hepatic epitheloid? (3)

A
  1. Soft tissues
  2. Lungs
  3. Liver
22
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of hepatic epitheloid?

A

Multiple hypoechoic nodules

- large masses

23
Q

Where are the most common primary tumours resulting in liver metastases from? (6)

A
  1. Gallbladder
  2. Colon
  3. Stomach
  4. Pancreas
  5. Breast
  6. Lung
24
Q

What are 2 blood borne routes?

A
  1. Hepatic artery

2. Portal vein

25
Q

What do lymphatics spread through? (4)

A
  1. Stomach
  2. Pancreas
  3. Ovary
  4. Uterus
26
Q

Where do the tumour cells from the GI tract drain through to get to the liver?

A

Portal system

27
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of mets? (5)

A
  1. Single or multifocal liver lesions
  2. All with identical sonographic morphology
  3. Diffuse liver involvement
    - varied sized lesions
  4. Geographic infiltration
    - rarely
  5. Hypoechoic halo
    - strongly associated with malignancy
28
Q

What is strongly associated with malignancy?

A

Hypoechoic halo

29
Q

What are common echogenic sonographic patterns of metastatic disease? (7)

A
  1. GI tract
  2. HCC
  3. Vascular primaries
  4. Islet cell carcinoma
  5. Carcinoid
  6. Choriocarcinoma
  7. Renal cell carcinoma
30
Q

What are common hypoechoic sonographic patterns of metastatic disease? (6)

A
  1. Breast
  2. Lung
  3. Lymphoma
  4. Esophagus
  5. Stomach
  6. Pancreas

Abdominal Pathology (49 decks)

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