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Abdominal Pathology > Lesson 1A (Part 3) > Flashcards

Lesson 1A (Part 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Bilirubin

A

A product from the breakdown of hemoglobin in old red blood cells

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2
Q

What can cause abnormal levels of bilirubin?

A

A disruption in the process

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3
Q

What causes the skin to look yellow?

A

A leakage of bilirubin into the tissues

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4
Q

What does bilirubin reflect the balance between? (2)

A
  1. Production of bile

2. Excretion of bile

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5
Q

What are elevated levels of direct or conjugated bilirubin associated with? (4)

A
  1. Obstruction
  2. Hepatitis
  3. Cirrhosis
  4. Liver metastases
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6
Q

What are decreased levels of indirect of unconjugated bilirubin associated with?

A

Non-obstructive conditions

- eg. steatosis

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7
Q

What are indications for an US of the liver? (5)

A
  1. Abnormal LFT’s
  2. Hepatocellular disease
  3. Biliary disease
  4. Abdominal /postprandial pain
  5. Palpable liver or spleen
    pancreatitis
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8
Q

What are 2 types of congenital abnormalities for development in the liver?

A
  1. Agenesis

2. Partial agenesis

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9
Q

Agenesis

A

No liver

- cant liver without it (but can live with a partial liver)

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10
Q

Partial agenesis

A

Part of the liver

- typically have a larger right lobe if you don’t have a left lobe (one lobe compensatory)

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11
Q

What are 2 types of congenital abnormalities for position in the liver?

A
  1. Situs inversus totalis

2. Congenital (fetal US) diaphragmatic hernia or omphalocele

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12
Q

Situs inversus totalis

A

Liver is found in the left hypochondrium

- opposite side

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13
Q

Congenital (fetal US) diaphragmatic hernia or omphalocele

A

Liver may herniate into the thorax or outside the abdominal cavity
- break through the diaphragm

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14
Q

What is a common appearance for granulomas?

A

Calcifications in parenchyma

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15
Q

What is granulomas related to? (2)

A
  1. Scarring

2. Infection

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16
Q

What is the common appearance for hamaromas? (4)

A
  1. Small
  2. Focal
  3. Solid
  4. Hypoechoic
17
Q

What is the common appearance for cysts? (3)

A
  1. Fluid filled
  2. Epithelial lining
  3. Posterior acoustic enhancement
18
Q

What are cysts related to?

A

Abnormal LFTs

  • tumours
  • infection
  • biliary obstruction
19
Q

What is the common appearance for abscess forming from cysts? (4)

A
  1. Internal echoes
  2. Septations
  3. Thick walls
  4. Solid
20
Q

What is the common appearance for cavernous hemangioma? (4)

A
  1. Homogenous
  2. Hyperechoic
  3. Tiny blood vessels but avascular on doppler
  4. Well circumscribed
21
Q

What is the most common benign tumour?

A

Cavernous hemangioma

22
Q

What is the common appearance for focal nodular hyperplasia? (5)

A
  1. Central scar
    - vascular malformation
  2. Isoechoic
  3. Well circumscribed
  4. Contour abnormality to liver
  5. Hypervascular/stellate pattern
    - spoke wheel appearance
23
Q

What is the second most common benign tumour?

A

Focal nodular hyperplasia

- FNH

24
Q

What is FNH related to? (3)

A
  1. Hormones
  2. Oral contraceptives
  3. Child bearing years
25
Q

What is the common appearance for hepatic adenomas? (5)

A
  1. Hyper vascular
    - periphery
  2. Heterogenous
    - presence of fat, glycogen hemorrhagic products
  3. Multiple feeding arteries
  4. Shows central hepatic artery
  5. Capsule in 1/3 of cases**
26
Q

What is a symptom of hepatic adenomas (2)

A
  1. Pain
    - RUQ
  2. Palpable mass if large enough
27
Q

What are hepatic adenomas related to?

A

Hormones

28
Q

What is the common appearance for fatty tumours? (2)

A
  1. Broken diaphragm
  2. Echogenic mass
    - well defined
29
Q

What are fatty tumours related to?

A

Renal angiomyolipomas

Abdominal Pathology (49 decks)

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