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ANP 1107 > Lecture 9 - Start of Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Start of Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered insulin

A

Frederick Banting
Charles Best

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2
Q

Who got the nobel prize for the insulin discovery

A

Frederick Banting
John McLeod

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3
Q

With diabetes, glucose cannot _____

A

enter the cells

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4
Q

When glucose cant enter the cells, how does the body respond

A

mobilizing fats
(lipolysis)

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5
Q

Accumulation of ketone bodies due to diabetes leads to what

A

ketoacidosis

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6
Q

Can FFA make glucose

A

No

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7
Q

Can FFA enter the Krebs cycle

A

Not when carb sources are low

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8
Q

Why can FFA not enter Krebs cycle when carb sources are low

A

oxaloacetate is scavenged, which is the acetyl-CoA acceptor molecule

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9
Q

What is ketoacidosis

A

blood pH is lowered

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10
Q

what molecule turns into ketone bodies, and gives breath the sweet smell

A

acetoacetic acid

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11
Q

Why does a diabetic’s breath smell sweet

A

due to a build of of acetoacetic acid created from 2 acetyl-CoA when it cannot enter the Krebs cycle

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12
Q

What are the three signs of diabetes

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia

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13
Q

What is polyuria

A

Excessive peeing

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14
Q

How is polyuria caused

A

Too much glucose in urine
Osmosis occurs, water follows (as does electrolytes)
Blood volume down, dehydration occurs

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15
Q

What is polydipsia

A

Being very thirsty all the time

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16
Q

How is polydipsia in diabetes caused

A

Dehydration due to polyuria stimulates hypothalamic thirst centers

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17
Q

What is polyphagia

A

excessive hunger

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18
Q

How is polyphagia caused in diabetes

A

the person is starving due to inability to use carbs

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19
Q

What type is the juvenile diabetes

A

Type 1

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20
Q

What type is the insulin dependant diabetes

A

1

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21
Q

What type of diabetes is the less common

A

1

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22
Q

What is type 1 diabetes caused by

A

A lack of beta cells
No insulin production

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23
Q

Name a theory that could cause type 1 diabetes

A

an autoimmune reaction that kills the beta cells

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24
Q

Is there a genetic component to type 1 diabetes

A

No

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25
Q

Why are there so many complications with insulin injections

A

You get a big spike of insulin at once, as opposed to little amounts released by your body to maintain homeostatic range

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26
Q

What is one of the biggest issues associated with diabetes/insulin injections

A

nerve issues

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27
Q

What is the most common form of diabetes

A

Type 2

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28
Q

Is there a genetic component to type 2 diabetes

A

Yes, a strong one

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29
Q

Do type 2 diabetics produce insulin

A

Typically yes, but in smaller amounts or the receptors are desensitized

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30
Q

Do only overweight and sedentary people get type 2 diabetes

A

No, it just makes you more predisposed to it

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31
Q

Ketoacidosis is not a major problem for what type of diabetes

A

Type 2

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32
Q

What type of vitamins does the liver store

A

Fat soluble
K A D E and B12 but its water soluble

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33
Q

What is the primary site for B oxidation

A

Liver

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34
Q

What generates ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA

A

The liver

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35
Q

What are the four kinds of lipoproteins

A

Cholymicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

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36
Q

What kind of lipoprotein is mostly triglyceride

A

Cholymicrons

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37
Q

Less density is caused by more or less lipids?

A

More

More lipids = lower density

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38
Q

What type of lipoprotein carries the least lipids

A

HDL

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39
Q

What are the 4 main components of lipoproteins

A

Triglycerides (lipids)
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Protein

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40
Q

Where are VLDL made primarily

A

Liver

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41
Q

What is the VLDL main role

A

transport triglycerides to peripheral tissues (adipose mainly)

42
Q

what do VLDL turn into after they unload the triglycerides

A

LDL

43
Q

what is the primary role of LDL

A

deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues

44
Q

What is the “bad” lipoprotein

A

LDL

45
Q

What is the primary purpose of the HDL

A

transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver (to be broken down)

46
Q

What level of cholesterol is considered excess

A

over 200mg/dl

47
Q

What is the high risk form of LDL

A

lipoprotein (a)

48
Q

What stimulates liver synthesis of cholesterol

A

saturated fatty acids

49
Q

what does saturated fatty acids stimulated and inhibit

A

stimulates liver synthesis of cholesterol
inhibits cholesterol excretion

50
Q

What do unsaturated fatty acids promote

A

catabolism and excretion of cholesterol

51
Q

What do trans fats stimulate and inhibit

A

stimulates increased in LDL (bad) and inhibits HDL (bad thing, good lipoprotien)

52
Q

What is the shape and location of the thyroid

A

Butterfly shape
On trachea

53
Q

What is the largest pure endocrine gland in the body

A

Thyroid

54
Q

What are the two lobes of the thyroid connected by

A

an isthmus

55
Q

What is an isthmus

A

The part of the thyroid that connects the two lobes

56
Q

What are follicles (thyroid)

A

hollow sphericle cells

57
Q

What are thyroid follicles surrounded by

A

follicle cells
^cuboidal or squamous epithelial cells

58
Q

what do follicle cells produce

A

thyroglobulin

59
Q

What is thyroglobulin

A

a glycoprotein

60
Q

What are follicles filled with

A

a colloid

61
Q

What does colloid consist of

A

iodinated thyroglobulin

62
Q

what is the precursor for thyroid hormone

A

iodinated thyroglobulin

63
Q

iodinated thyroglobulin serves as the precursor for what

A

thyroid hormone

64
Q

Where are parafollicular cells

A

interspersed between follicles

65
Q

What produces calcitonin

A

parafollicular cells

66
Q

What do parafollicular cells produce

A

calcitonin

67
Q

what is the body’s major metabolic hormone

A

thyroid hormone

68
Q

what is the primary secretory product of thyroid follicles

A

thyroxine T4

69
Q

what is the most active thyroid hormone

A

triiodothyronine T3

70
Q

The 4 and 3 on the thyroid hormones refers to what

A

number of iodine molecules

71
Q

What is the name of T3

A

triiodothyronine

72
Q

Name T4

A

thyroxine

73
Q

What is triiodothyronine derived from

A

largely thyroxine at target cells

74
Q

what tyrosines are combined to form T3 and T4

A

DIT (T1) and MIT (T2)

75
Q

Where do tyrosine and iodine attach

A

in the colloid

76
Q

What does lysosomal enzymes do in the thyroid

A

cleave T4 and T3 from thyroglobulin colloid - the iodinated tyrosine amino acids are A PART of thyroglobulin

77
Q

T4 and T3 are transported in blood bound to what

A

thyroxine binding globulin

78
Q

At target cells, most T4 is converted to waht

A

T3

79
Q

Where is thyroxine binding globulin made

A

the liver

80
Q

where does T3 and T4 bind

A

The thyroid hormone receptor (TR)

81
Q

What form of thyroid hormone is more potent

A

T3 (10x more)

82
Q

Why is T3 more potent

A

T4 doesnt bind to the TR (thyroid hormone receptor) quite as well

83
Q

Where is the TR (thyroid hormone receptor)

A

In the nucleus of cells

84
Q

What does T3/T4 do when binded

A

change expression of target genes

85
Q

What stimulates secretion of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

A

falling thyroid hormone levels

86
Q

what makes TSH

A

anterior pituitary

87
Q

What is the initial response of the tyroid gland due to TSH

A

secrete stored thyroid hormone

88
Q

What is the second response of the thyroid gland to TSH

A

resynthesize thyroglobulin and replenish the colloid

89
Q

what is unique about storage of the thyroid gland

A

it’s stored outside the cell

90
Q

TH affects every cell of the body except (5 things)

A

adult brain
spleen
testes
uterus
thyroid gland

91
Q

what is 3 major functions of TH

A

regulate metabolic rate/heat production

maintain blood pressure

Regulates tissue growth and development

92
Q

what is calorigenic effect

A

higher metabolic rate
more heat

93
Q

What is hypothyroidism

A

not enough TH

94
Q

inadequate iodine causes what

A

an endemic goiter (big ass bump on the neck

95
Q

how does an endemic goiter form

A

not enough iodine
follicle cells cannot make iodinate colloid
TSH increases to induce T3/T4 secretion
Makes even more colloid

96
Q

severe hypothyroidism in infants is termed

A

congenital hypothyroidism

97
Q

what is congenital hypothyrodism

A

severe hypotyroidism in infants

98
Q

what is the most common form of hyperthyroidism

A

graves disease

99
Q

how does graves disease work

A

you develop antibodies taht mimic TSH and wayyyy too much T3 and T4 comes out

100
Q

What is tyrosine

A

An amino acid on the thyroglobulin glycoprotein

ANP 1107 (21 decks)

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