Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are the most predominant cell type in the small intestine
Absorptive cells
What cells secrete bicarbonate
Duodenal glands
What do duodenal glands secrete
Bicarbonate
What is the largest gland in the body
Liver
What are hepatocytes
Liver cells
What’s the name of liver cells
Hepatocytes
What secretes intestinal juice
Crypts of Lieberkühn
What do the crypts of lieberkuhn secrete
Intestinal juice
What cells are found in intestinal crypts
Paneth cells
What do paneth cells secrete
Lysozome
What cells secrete lysozyme in the SI
Paneth cells
How many lobes of the liver are there?
4
What are the four lobes of the liver
Right
Left
Caudate
Quadrate
What is the falciform ligament
A liver mesentery
What’s the name of the liver mesentary in between the left and right lobes
Falciform ligament
What are the functional units of the liver composed of
Hexagonal lobules
What is in the center of each hexagonal lobule in the liver
A central vein
What are the cells inside liver lobules radiating from the central vein
Hepatocytes
What is at each of the 6 corners of the hepatic lobule
A portal triad
What does the portal triad consist of
A portal arteriole
A portal venule
A bile duct
In the liver, what does the bile drain via
Cannuculi
Does the flow of bile go with or opposite to blood flow
Opposite
What cells produce bile
Hepatocytes
Hepatocytes produce what
Bile
What is the common hepatic duct
Multiple bile ducts that fuse together to form this
What drains the gallbladder
The cystic duct
What does the common hepatic duct fuse with
The cystic duct
What two ducts join together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla
The bile duct
The main pancreatic duct
What stores bile
The gallbladder
What is the main function of bile salts and phospholipids
To emulsify fats
What are gallstones
Cholesterol stones when you dont have enough salts, phospholipids or water
What does the pancreas produce
Pancreatic juice
What organ is “tadpole” shaped
The pancreas
What do acinar cells secrete
Enzymes
Where do you find acinar cells
Pancreas
What joins the pancreatic duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla
The bile duct
What are the two main ducts in the pancreas
Accessory pancreatic duct
Pancreatic duct
What 3 main ducts empties into the duodenum
Pancreatic duct
Bile duct
Accessory pancreatic duct
Where would you find zymogen granules
In pancreatic acinar cells
What are packaged in zymogen granules
Enzymes
Why are enzymes packaged in zymogen granules
To be prepacked and easy to secrete
What organelle is there in abundance in acinar cells
Rough ER
Why have so much RER in acinar cells
To produce lots of proteins
What pancreatic cells secrete insulin and glucagon
Pancreatic islets
What do pancreatic islets secrete
Insulin and glucagon
What is the main function of the large intestine
Absorb water from indigestible food residues
What are the 3 big distinguising features of the LI
Teniae coli
Haustra
Epiploic appendages
What are the haustra
Pocket like bulges of the large intestine (all those bumps)
What is the name for the 3 bands of smooth muscle in the LI
Teniae coli
What are teniae coli
3 bands of smooth muscle in the LI
Where do you find teniae coli
Large intestine
What are the epiploic appendages
fat filled pouches of visceral periotneum
What are the little fatty pouches of viceral periotenum hanging off the LI
Epiploic appendages
Where do you find the Iliosecal valve
Between the small intestine and large intestine
What little structure of the LI has masses of lymphoid tissue
Appendix
The colon is mostly ______ except for what two regions?
Retroperitonel
Transverse and sigmoid regions
What are haemorrhoids
Inflamed venous plexuses
(they prolapse into anal canal)
What are the 6 digestive processes
Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical breakdown
Chemical digestion
Absorption
Defecation
What is catabolism
Breaking down complex molecules into smaller molecules
What enzymes are incredibly important for absorption
Brush border enzymes
What do brush border enzymes do
They’re relied on for catabolic steps in absorption
Where are brush border enzymes found
On microvilliof the small intestine
What enzyme in your mouth begins chemical digestion
Salivary amylase
What receptor signals stretch of organ wall
Mechanoreceptor
What receptor signals osmolarity and pH
Osmoreceptor
What receptor signals substrates and end products
Chemoreceptor
What are short reflexes mediated by in response to GI tract stimuli
Local enteric plexuses
What do long reflexes involve
CNS centers and extrinsic autonomic nerves
What is a short reflex
One that occurs entirely within the GI wall
Generally within the enteric NS, what excites the smooth muscle
Nerves secreting Acetylcholine or substance P
Generally within the enteric NS, what is smooth muscles inhibited by?
Nerves secreting vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or nitric oxide
What is the pH of saliva
6.75-7
Saliva is hypo or hyper osmotic
Hypo (97-99.5% water)
What do buccal glands secrete
Lingual lipase
How much saliva do we output a day
1000-1500 ml
What is the role of buccal glands
They’re salivary glands that keep hte mouth moist
what two nerves are stimulated from the salivatory nuclei to increase salivary secretions
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
What is in the brain stem that increases parasympathetic activity via facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
Salivatory nuclei
Sympathetic stimulation causes ________ in mucuous secretion
Increase
Strong sympathetic stimulation ______ salivation
Decreases/inhibits
