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ANP 1107 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Can polysaccharides be digested as is?

A

Nope, gotta be monosaccharides

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2
Q

What digests proteins

A

Pepsin

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3
Q

What converts trypsinogen into trypsin

A

Membrane bound enteropeptidase

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4
Q

What convertes chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin

A

Trypsin

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5
Q

What converts procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase

A

Trypsin

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6
Q

How does pepsin digest proteins

A

It cleaves bonds with tyrosine and phenylalanine

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7
Q

Pepsin hydrolyzes what percent of ingested protein

A

10-15

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8
Q

What are the two sources for carboxypeptidase

A

brush border
pancreas

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9
Q

What enzyme chews one amino acid from the carboxyl end

A

Carboxypeptidase

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10
Q

What enzyme chews an amino acid frm the amine region

A

Aminopeptidase

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11
Q

What enzyme chews an amino acid at both ends

A

Dipeptidase

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12
Q

What breaks protein into large polypeptides

A

Pepsin

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13
Q

What breaks proteins from large polypeptides to small polypeptides

A

Pancreatic enzymes

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14
Q

What breaks small protein polypeptides into amino acids

A

Brush border enzymes

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15
Q

Aminopeptidase, Carboxypeptidase, and Dipeptidase are what kind of enzymes

A

Brush border

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16
Q

Trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase are what kind of enzymes

A

Pancreatic enzymes

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17
Q

What is a triglyceride

A

a neutral fat

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18
Q

how does glycerol turn into a triglyceride

A

loses an h20 and binds with two other gycerols

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19
Q

What is the only significant site of fat digestion

A

small intestine

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20
Q

what do lipases cleave triglycerides into

A

fatty accids and glycerol/2-monoglycerides

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21
Q

How are nucleic acids digested

A

pancreatic nucleases reduce rna and dna to consistent nucleotides

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22
Q

what reduces nucleotides to free bases, pentose sugars and phosphate ions

A

intestinal brush border
nucleosidases
phosphatases

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23
Q

How many L of chyme reach the LI per day

A

0.5-1

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24
Q

What is the ileums primary function

A

recycle bile salts via portal circulation to the liver

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25
Q

What valve does the leftover foodstuff pass through to the large intestine from the ileum

A

Ileocecal valve

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26
Q

whose primary function is it to recycle bile salts via portal circulation to the liver

A

Ileum

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27
Q

Intestinal cells are joined at luminal surfaces by what

A

tight junction

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28
Q

How are lipid digestion products absorbed by the SI

A

passive diffusion

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29
Q

How are most nutrients absorbed

A

active transport

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30
Q

Carbs have to be ______ to be digested

A

monosaccharides

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31
Q

How are carbs absorbed into epithelial cells

A

Secondary active transport

32
Q

How are carbs absorbed into blood capillaries

A

diffusion through intercellular clefts

33
Q

What is the only monosaccharide that doesnt need ATP to be absorbed

A

fructose

34
Q

The carb absorption used the _____ concentration gradient in the basolateral membrane

A

Sodium

35
Q

The protein absorption used the _____ concentration gradient in the basolateral membrane

A

sodium

36
Q

How do amino acids get into capillaries

A

Diffusion

37
Q

are monoglycerides, glycerol and ffa water soluble or insoluble

A

Insoluble

38
Q

What is a micelle

A

a very small emulsion droplet

39
Q

What two things associate to create a micelle

A

Bile salts
lecithin

40
Q

Can micelles diffuse across the lipid bilayer

A

Yes

41
Q

Once micelles diffuse into the cell, what happens to ffa and glycerol

A

they get resynthesized into triglycerides

42
Q

what are chylomicrons

A

proteins, triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol

43
Q

How do chylomicrons empty into the venous blood

A

they enter the lymphatic systme and are emptied into the thoracic duct

44
Q

how are triglycerides hydrolyzed in circulation

A

by lipoprotein lipase

45
Q

lipid absorption is usually complete by the _____

A

Ileum

46
Q

What happens to lipid digestion if bile is missing

A

You can’t absorb it, so you just have fatty stools

47
Q

what type of vitamins are absorbed as part of the micelles

A

fat soluble vitamins

48
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins we learned

A

A D E K

49
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins we learned

A

B C

50
Q

what type of vitamins are absorbed easily

A

water soluble

51
Q

what is the water soluble vitamin that cannot be absorbed easily

A

Vitamin B12

52
Q

sodium absorption is coupled to that of ____ and ______

A

glucose and amino acids

53
Q

anions primarily follow the electrical gradient established by ______

A

sodium

54
Q

do chloride ions transport actively or passively

A

actively

55
Q

How is potassium absorbed

A

simple diffusion - osmotic gradient

56
Q

how is iron absorbed

A

it’s actively transported into mucosal cells and binds to ferritin

57
Q

How is iron transported in bloud

A

Bound to transferrin

58
Q

what is the absorption of calcium related to

A

blood levels of ionic calcium

59
Q

what does PTH trigger

A

activation of vitamin D by idneys, to increase uptake of calcium by the SI

60
Q

What triggers secretion of PTH

A

low plasma calcium

61
Q

most of the water is absorbed by ______

A

osmosis

62
Q

How long does the leftover foodstuff spend in the LI

A

12-24 hours

63
Q

What is the major function of the large intestine

A

Defecation

64
Q

What causes gases

A

Fermentation in the LI (ie of cellulose)

65
Q

What vitamins are synthesized in the LI

A

B and K

66
Q

how often are haustral contractions

A

every 30 mins

67
Q

what does a haustral contraction move the contents to

A

the next haustrum

68
Q

what is the gastrocolic reflex

A

Long, slow and powerful mass movements in the LI

69
Q

How often does the gastrocolic reflex occur in a day

A

3-4 times

70
Q

What can occur when you have too little fiber

A

pressure on walls increases; can lead to diverticulosis

71
Q

What is diverticulosis

A

small herniations of the LI mucosa

72
Q

What can diverticulosis lead to

A

Diverticulitis

73
Q

Whats more serious, diverticulosis or diverticulitis

A

diverticulitis

74
Q

What does fiber do

A

increases strength of colon contractions and softens stools

75
Q

what is valsalvas maneuver

A

the closing of glottis, contracting diaphragm and ab muscles

ANP 1107 (21 decks)

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