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ANP 1107 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of ATP do we use for energy recovery

A

38%

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2
Q

What is the rest of ATP lost as if not used

A

Heat

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3
Q

What is gluconeogensis

A

The liver creating new glucose for the blood

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4
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

Making glycogen from glucose

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5
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

Breaking down glycogen to get glucose

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6
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The first step of cellular respiration

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7
Q

ONLY ____ can enter glycolytic pathway

A

Glycerol

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8
Q

What is glycogen

A

A byproduct of breaking down carbohydrates

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9
Q

What is glycerol

A

A byproduct of breaking down fats

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10
Q

What does a triglyceride break down into

A

Glycerol and FFA

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11
Q

what two things can enter the Krebs cycle

A

Fatty acids products
Glycerol products

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12
Q

what is fatty acid converted to for the krebs cycle

A

acetyl CoA

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13
Q

How are fatty acids converted to acetyl CoA

A

2 carbon snips of fatty acids yield acetic acid which is converted to acetyl CoA

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14
Q

What is the word for fatty acid/triglycerice synthesis

A

Lipogenesis

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15
Q

What is the word for triglyceride breakdown

A

Lipolysis

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16
Q

What accumulates when burning a lot of fatty acid chains

A

Ketone bodies

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17
Q

Where is deamination done

A

Liver

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18
Q

What is deamination

A

Removing an amine group from aa to use it for something other than making proteins

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19
Q

What is transamination

A

Transffering an amine group from an aa to an acceptor keto acid

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20
Q

What is a byproduct of transammination

A

Ammonia

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21
Q

What is ammonia converted to

A

Urea

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22
Q

What is the “fed” state

A

The absorptive state

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23
Q

What is the fasting state

A

postabsorptive state

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24
Q

What is the homeostatic range of blood sugar

A

70-100 mg/100ml

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25
Q

In the absorptive state _____ exceeds _______

A

anabolism
catabolism

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26
Q

What is the major fuel during the absorptive state

A

Glucose

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27
Q

What is glucose converted to during the absorptive state

A

Glycogen

28
Q

What directs all events during the absorptive state

A

Insulin

29
Q

What produces insulin

A

Beta cells of pancreatic islets of langerhans

30
Q

What do the beta cells of pancreatic islets of langehans produce

A

Insulin

31
Q

How many aa is insulin

A

51

32
Q

How are the amino acid chains in insulin connected

A

disulfide bonds

33
Q

How is proinsulin converted to insulin

A

middle portion excised right before release

34
Q

What is the primary stimulation for insulin secretion

A

rise in blood sugar

35
Q

Where is insulin stored

A

Beta cells of pancreatic islets of langerhans

36
Q

What is the principal effect of insulin

A

activate carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells

37
Q

What 4 locations are insulin not needed for glucose entry

A

Liver
Kidney
Brain
Intestinal epithelial cells

38
Q

Why does insulin inhibit gluconeogenesis

A

Because since we just ate, we already have lots of glucose and don’t need more

39
Q

what are the two events geared towards in the postabsorptive state

A

sparing glucose for the brain
making more glucose available for the circulatory system

40
Q

What are the three available sources for glucose

A

stored glycogen
fat (just the glycerol)
tissue proteins

41
Q

Why cant skeletal muscle directly provide glucose

A

It doesn’t have glucose 6 phosphatase to break down the glycogen into glucose

42
Q

what is the first source of glucose during the post absorptive state

A

Liver glycogen reserves

43
Q

How does skeletal muscle make glucose

A

they metabolise glucose-6-phosphate by glycolysis to pyruvate/lactic acid, then it goes to the liver to become glucose

44
Q

the liver converting glycerol to glucose is what kind of process

A

gluconeogenesis

45
Q

what is the last resort of energy

A

protein

46
Q

what is used for energy to conserve glucose

A

noncarbohydrate fuel
ie triglycerides

47
Q

in the postabsorptive state all tissues and organs except _______ switch to using fat as their main energy source

A

the brain

48
Q

what can ketone bodies be used for

A

energy

49
Q

decreasing blood glucose stimulates secretion of what

A

Glucagon

50
Q

what is glucagon stimulated by

A

decreasing blood sugar

51
Q

What is the counterpart to insulin

A

glucagon

52
Q

what is the counterpart to glucagon

A

insulin

53
Q

what produces glucagon

A

alpha cells of pancreatic islets of langerhans

54
Q

alpha cells of pancreatic islets of langerhans secrete what

A

glucagon

55
Q

is glucagon hypo or hyperglycemic

A

hyperglycemic

56
Q

what is the name for the process of breaking down triglycerides

A

lipolysis

57
Q

what is the main target of glucagon

A

liver
adipose tissue

58
Q

the liver and adipose tissue are the main target of what hormone

A

glucagon

59
Q

what is the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose

A

glycogenolysis

60
Q

what three things does glucagon promote

A

glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
lipolysis

61
Q

what gland responds to sympathetic stimulation as part of fight or flight response

A

adrenal gland

62
Q

what contains chromaffin cells

A

adrenal medulla

63
Q

what secretes epinephrine and norepinephrin

A

chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla

64
Q

what does epi and norepi stimulate

A

all the processes to get glucose in the blood stream

65
Q

what secretes cortisol

A

adrenal cortex

66
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

cortisol

ANP 1107 (21 decks)

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