Lecture 15 Flashcards
What is the full name for ADH
anti-diuretic hormone
Filtrate at the top of ascending limb is _____
dilute
Why is the filtrate at the top of the ascending limb dilute
due to salt removal
What type of urine is produced in the abscence of ADH
very dilute urine
What is the function of adh
to make the body retain water
what happens to the collecting ducts in the absence of ADH
they become impermeable to water
Where is ADH released from
Posterior pituitary
Where does ADH act upon
Collecting ducts
What does adh do to principal cells
Increases number of water channels in these cells
Urea contributes to the _____ gradient
Osmotic
How does urea help in the interstitial space
It allows for a higher osmolarity, to draw water out of the nephron loop
What is a diuretic
Something that enhances urinary output
How does alcohol affect urine formation
It inhibits release of ADH - you wont be able to concentrate your urine
What is the formula for renal clearance
RC=UV/P
Describe clearance
Volume of blood cleaned of a substance/min
When would clearance be equal to GFR
Freely filtered
Not secreted or reabsorbed
What does the U stand for in RC
concentration of substance in urine (mg/mL)
What does the V stand for in RC
flow rate of urine formation (mL/min)
What does the P stand for in RC
The concentration of substance in the blood plasma (mg/mL)
What polysaccharide is used as a standard for RC
inulin
What is inulin
A polysaccharide used for RC standard
What if RC (substance) < RC (inulin)? eg: urea: RC = 70 ml/min
You arent removing all the urea from the 125mL of plasma, you’re reabsorbing some
What if RC (substance) = 0?
You’re reabsorbing all of the substance
What if RC (substance) > RC (inulin)? eg: creatinine: RC = 140 ml/min
We’re secreting extra of the substance
Deepness of urine colour indicates what?
How much water is in your urine
What can cloudy urine be a sign of
UTI - bacteria present
What does your pee look like when you have a UTI
Cloudy
What pigment is responsible for the colour of urine
Urochrome
What is urochrome
The pigment responsible for urine colour
Where does urochrome come from
Heme degradation
What odour will urine develop if left to stand too long
Ammonia
Why would urine develop an ammonia odor if left to stand too long
Due to bacterial metabolism of urea
What is the typical pH of urine (provide the range)
6, range is 4.5-8
When will you have acidic urine
Diet rich in proteins and whole wheat
When will you get alkaline urine
Diet rich in veggies
Diet rich in veggies cause what
alkaline urine
Diet rich in proteins and whole wheat causes what
acidic urine
What is the specific gravity of urine
1.001-1.035
What is specific gravity
referring to the solute concentration
What does specific gravity depend on
It depends on how dilute/concentrated it is (lower number=more concentrated)
What is the solute in highest concentration in urine
Urea
Uric acid as a waste product comes from
Nucleic acid metabolism
Where does creatinine as a waste product come from
Skeletal muscle
What is the ratio of water to solutes in urine
95% water
5% solutes
