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ANP 1107 > Lecture 4 (we're getting there!!!) > Flashcards

Lecture 4 (we're getting there!!!) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only part of the GI tract for ingestion

A

The mouth

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2
Q

What do mumps infect

A

Parotid glands

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3
Q

What do parotid glands release

A

Watery (serous) secretions

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4
Q

What percent of saliva do the parotid glands create

A

25%

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5
Q

What percent of saliva does the submandibular glands create

A

70%

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6
Q

What kind of saliva do the submandibular glands secrete

A

serous and mucous

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7
Q

What percent of saliva does the sublingual glands secrete

A

5%

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8
Q

What kind of saliva do sublingual glands produce

A

Mucousy

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9
Q

What is another word for swallowing

A

Deglutition

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10
Q

What are the 2 phases of swallowing

A

Buccal
Pharyngeal-esophageal

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11
Q

What phase of swallowing is voluntary

A

Buccal phase

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12
Q

Describe the buccal phase

A

Tongue forced against hard palate
tongue forces food into oropharynx

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13
Q

What phase of swallowing is involuntary

A

pharyngeal-esophageal

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14
Q

What is the pharyngeal-esophageal phase controlled by

A

The swallowing center

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15
Q

Where is the swallowing center located

A

Medulla
Lower pons

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16
Q

What phase of swallowing involves blocking off every path except to the stomach

A

Pharyngeal-esophageal

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17
Q

Where is the gastro esophageal sphincter located

A

Between esophagus and stomach

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18
Q

What is a hiatal hernia

A

When the diaphragm is not properly positioned and the stomach pushes up

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19
Q

What is barrett’s esophagus

A

when esophageal tissue is exposed to stomach acid, and tissue becomes to look more similar to stomach tissue

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20
Q

What can barrett’s esophagus progess to

A

Esophageal cancer

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21
Q

What is food converted to in the stomach

A

Chyme

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22
Q

Where is casein found

A

Milk

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23
Q

What is the function of rennin

A

digest casein

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24
Q

What does pepsin do

A

Digest proteins

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25
Q

What enzyme digests proteins

A

Pepsin

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26
Q

What two lipid soluble drugs are easily absorbed by the stomach

A

Anti-inflammatory drugs and alcohol

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27
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor

A

absorption for B12

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28
Q

What is B12 necessary for

A

RBC

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29
Q

What transforms pepsinogen into pepsin

A

HCl

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30
Q

What denatures proteins and nucleic acids in the stomach

A

HCl

31
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

32
Q

What phase of gastric secretion occurs before food enters the stomach

A

Cephalic

33
Q

How long is the cephalic phase

A

only a few minutes

34
Q

What is the function of the cephalic phase

A

To “prime” the stomach for food

35
Q

What inputs the hypothalamus vagal nuclei of medulla oblongata leading to secretion of gastric juice

A

Olfactory taste buds

36
Q

How long is the gastric phase

A

3-4 hours long

37
Q

What phase provides about 2/3 of gastric secretions

A

Gastric

38
Q

What 3 things initiate the gastric phase

A

Distension of stomach
Peptides
Low acidity

39
Q

How does stomach distension initiate the gastric phase

A

Mechanoreceptors’s vagal reflexes release Ach and increase output of gastric juices

40
Q

What are the more important triggers for the gastric phase

A

Peptides and low acidity

41
Q

What cells secrete gastrin

A

G cells

42
Q

Where do you find G cells

A

Stomach pyloric antrum

43
Q

What do G cells secrete

A

Gastrin

44
Q

What do peptides and low acidity lead to

A

Secretion of gastrin and histamines

45
Q

Does caffeine increase or decrease gastrin secretions

A

Increase

46
Q

Proteins are _______ to increase stomach pH

A

Buffers

47
Q

Gatrin secretion is _______ when pH is below 2

A

inhibited

48
Q

What does gastrin do

A

Increases gastric juice secretion (especially HCl)

49
Q

What cells secrete HCl

A

Parietal cells

50
Q

What cells secrete intrinsic factor

A

Parietal

51
Q

Parietal cells secrete what

A

Intrinsic factor
HCl

52
Q

What do chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen

53
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells secrete

A

Hormones and paracrines

54
Q

What are the two components of the intestinal phase

A

excitatory
inhibatory

55
Q

What is the excitatory component of the intestinal phase mediated by

A

Intestinal gastrin

56
Q

What is the excitatory component of the intestinal phase triggered by

A

Low pH and foodstuffs as chyme enters the duodenum

57
Q

What happens when during the inhibitory component of the intestinal phase

A

Enterogastric reflex:
vagal nuclein in medulla inhibited
Local reflexes inhibited
Sympathetic fibers activated - pyloric sphincter tightens

58
Q

What are the two main enterogastrones

A

Secretin
Cholecystokinin

59
Q

What happens when enterogastrons are released

A

Gastric secretion decreases
Gastric emptying slows

60
Q

What are secretin and cholecystokinin

A

enterogastrones

61
Q

Is H+ secretion into stomach lument active or passive

A

active

62
Q

What is H+ secretion in response to

A

Gastrin
Ach
Histamine

63
Q

What is H+ derived from

A

Carbonic acid

64
Q

What follows H+ and why

A

Cl- to maintain electrical balance

65
Q

What is the other product of HCL secretion

A

HCO3-

66
Q

What is the alkaline tide

A

rise in plasma/urinary pH from efflusx of HCO3- into blood in exchange for Cl-

67
Q

When does the alkaline tide occur

A

After a meal

68
Q

What is tagamet

A

Treatment for an ulcer

69
Q

What does tagamet do

A

inhibits the histamine-H2 receptor interaction

70
Q

How does tagamet inhibit the histamine-H2 receptor interaction

A

Tagamet binds to H2 to prevent it from binding to histamine

71
Q

What is accommodation

A

smooth muscle allowing stomach to stretch without increasing tension

72
Q

What are the interstitial cells of cajal

A

they depolarize every 20 seconds and regulate stomach constriction

73
Q

Rate of stomach emptying is largely dependent on what

A

signalling from the duodenum

ANP 1107 (21 decks)

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