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ANP 1107 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

what muscle is especially sensitive to fluctuations in plasma K+

A

Cardiac muscle

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2
Q

Potassium and what moves in opposite directions in acid base balance

A

H+

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3
Q

acidosis leads to what effect on K+

A

rise in extracellular K+

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4
Q

Alkalosis leads to what effect on K+

A

Higher intracellular levels

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5
Q

what percent of K+ is lost in filtrate

A

10

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6
Q

Most potassium is reabsorbed where

A

PCT
Ascending limb of loop of henle

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7
Q

Where is k+ secreted

A

DCT
principal cells of collecting duct

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8
Q

Why do we need to be constantly eating potassium

A

Because we secrete so much of it

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9
Q

What effect does aldosterone have on potassium

A

Increased secretion

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10
Q

Where is most calcium found

A

In bone

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11
Q

Name 4 things calcium is important for

A

Muscle contraction
Bone density
NT release
Second messengers

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12
Q

Where is PTH secreted from

A

Parathyroid glands

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13
Q

What does PTH do

A

Increases blood calcium

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14
Q

What does PTH sacrifice to maintain blood calcium levels

A

Bone density

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15
Q

What increases blood calcium levels

A

PTH

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16
Q

What calcium affecting hormone is important for kids but not adults

A

Calcitonin

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17
Q

What does calcitonin do

A

Decreases blood calcium
Stimulates bone deposition, inhibits reabsorption

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18
Q

What percent of filtered calcium is reabsorbed

A

98

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19
Q

What are the 3 targets of PTH

A

bone
small intestine
kidneys

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20
Q

Why does PTH have the opposite effect on phosphate than calcium

A

Phosphate will bind to calcium and decrease the levels in blood

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21
Q

What does PTH target in bone

A

Osteoclasts

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22
Q

What does PTH target in the small intestine

A

Activation of Vitamin D

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23
Q

What percent of filtered phosphate is reabsorbed in PCT

A

75

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24
Q

What process is involved in reabsorption of phosphate

A

Active transport

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25
Q

How much phosphate is reabsorbed in absence of PTH

A

up to Tm

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26
Q

How much phosphate is reabsorbed in the presence of PTH

A

reduced reabsorption

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27
Q

What does calcitonin inhibit

A

Osteoclasts

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28
Q

What effect does calcitonin inhibiting osteoclasts have

A

No breakdown of bone to release calcium

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29
Q

What is the arterial pH

A

7.4

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30
Q

What is the venous pH

A

7.35

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31
Q

What is the intracellular pH

A

7.0

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32
Q

Name 4 sources of acid

A

Breakdown of proteins containing phosphorus
Anaerobic metabolism of glucose
Fat metabolism
Transport of CO2 as bicarbonate

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33
Q

What acid comes from Breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins

A

phosphoric acid

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34
Q

What acid comes from anaerobic metabolism of gluocse

A

Lactic acid

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35
Q

What acid comes from fat metabolism

A

fatty acids
ketone bodies

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36
Q

What acid comes from loading and transport of CO2 as bicarbonate

A

H+ ions

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37
Q

What is alkalosis

A

blood pH higher than 7.45

38
Q

What is acidosis

A

blood pH lower than 7.35

39
Q

What is a strong acid

A

Acid that fully dissolves in a solution

40
Q

What is a weak acid

A

One that doesn’t dissolve completely in a solution

41
Q

Are buffers weak or strong acids

A

weak

42
Q

How does a buffer being a weak acid help the acid base balance

A

They have the ability to soak up hydrogen ions

43
Q

Name the three ways blood H+ levels are regulated

A

Chemical buffer systems
Respiratory center in brain stem
Renal mechanisms

44
Q

What is the fastest way to regulated H+ in blood

A

Chemical buffer system

45
Q

What is the slowest way to regulate blood H+

A

Renal mechanism

46
Q

Name the regulatory of H+ mechanisms in order from fastest to slowest

A

CHemical buffer
Respiratory
Renal

47
Q

Name the blood H+ regulatory mechanisms in order of most to least effective (in terms of capacity etc)

A

Renal
Respiratory
Chemical buffer

48
Q

Why is it difficult to reabsorb bicarbonate

A

Tubule cells are almost completely impermeable to bicarbonate in filtrate

49
Q

Why do we need to keep replenishing bicarbonate?

A

It’s breathed out as CO2

50
Q

What cation accompanies bicarbonate into peritubular capillaries

A

Sodium

51
Q

What surface is inpenetrable to bicarbonate

A

Apical surface

52
Q

What is the formula for bicarbonate

A

HCO3-

53
Q

What is the formula for carbonic acid

A

H2CO3

54
Q

Describe the pathway that a bicarbonate ion must take to get into the brush border cell

A

Converts to carbonic acid with a H+
Carbonic acid converts to H20 and CO2
H2O and CO2 go into brush border cell
They get converted to carbonic acid again
Carbonic acid turns into H+ and bicarb

55
Q

How does bicarbonate get into the peritubular capillaries from the brush border cell

A

It either uses sodium as a cotransporter or chlorine as an antiporter

56
Q

When a H+ enters the filtrate, what takes it’s place

A

A sodium ion

57
Q

What are the two ways to create new bicarbonate ions

A

Phosphate buffer system
NH4+ excretion

58
Q

What is the weak base in the phosphate buffer system

A

HPO4 2-

59
Q

Is HPO4 2- a weak or strong base

A

Weak

60
Q

When is 75% of phosphate NOT reabsorbed

A

During acidosis

61
Q

What type of brush border cell in the collecting duct actively secrete H+

A

Type A intercalated

62
Q

How does the phosphate buffer system work

A

In the brush border cell, water and co2 make carbonic acid, which turns into hco3 and h+.

The h+ is secreted into the filtrate binding to hpo42- to make h2po4-.

New bicarb gets into capillary via cl antiporter

63
Q

how is bicarbonate generated in PCT cells with NH4+ secretion

A

by metabolism of glutamine

64
Q

What is the amino acid used to make bicarb

A

glutamine

65
Q

What is glutamine

A

The aa used to generate new bicarb

66
Q

How many new bicarbs are made via gluatmine

A

2

67
Q

What are the products of glutamine metabolism in the PCT

A

2 NH4+ (ammonium)
2 HCO3-

68
Q

Is NH4+ a weak or strong acid

A

Weak

69
Q

When do we deal with bicarb excretion

A

only during alkalosis

70
Q

What type of cells in the collecting duct function to get rid of bicarbs

A

Type B intercalated cells

71
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis

A

Hypoventilation

72
Q

When does respiratory alkalosis occur

A

hyperventilation

73
Q

Why does hyperventilation cause respiratory alkalosis

A

They breathe out more CO2 than normal, makes the pH higher

74
Q

If a rxn shifts to the left, what is produced more

A

Reactants

75
Q

If a rxn shifts to the right, what is produced more

A

Products

76
Q

Adding more reactants causes the reaction to shift to the

A

RIght

77
Q

Increase in product causes the reaction to shift

A

Left

78
Q

Decrease in product causes the reaction to shift

A

Right - more product

79
Q

Decrease in reactant causes the rxn to shift

A

Left - make more reactant

80
Q

How does hypoventilation cause respiratory acidosis

A

You can’t eliminate enough CO2, causing your pH to lower

81
Q

What can cause metabolic acidosis

A

Getting rid of bicarb too quickly, diarrhea, alcohol, ketone bodies, kidneys arent getting rid of acid

82
Q

What can cause metabolic alkalosis

A

Too little acid in the body
Lots of vomiting - more bicarb, eating too much sodium bicarb, too much aldosterone

83
Q

Respiratory based pH disturbances center around which molecule

A

CO2

84
Q

Metabolic based pH disturbances center around which molecule

A

HCO3-

85
Q

Is co2 acidic or basic

A

Acidic

86
Q

Is HCO3- acidic or basic

A

Basic

87
Q

pH : 7.6
C02 : 24 mmHg (35-45)
HCO3- : 23 (22-26)

A

Resp alkalosis, not compensating

88
Q

pH : 7.48 (7.35-7.45)
C02 : 46 mmHg (35-45)
HCO3- : 33 (22-26)

A

Metabolic alkalosis
Compensating slightly

89
Q

pH : 7.3 (7.35-7.45)
C02 : 68 mmHg (35-45)
HCO3- : 28 (22-26)

A

Respiratory Acidosis, Compensating

90
Q

pH : 7.0 (7.35-7.45)
C02 : 23 mmHg (35-45)
HCO3- : 12 (22-26)

A

Metabolic acidosis, compensating

91
Q

pH : 7.6 (7.35-7.45)
C02 : 31 mmHg (35-45)
HCO3- : 25 (22-26)

A

Respiratory Alkalosis Not compensating

ANP 1107 (21 decks)

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