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ANP 1107 > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

1
Q

What is capacitation

A

a maturation sperm must undergo in order to fertilize an egg

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2
Q

when does capacitation occur

A

once sperm is in the female tract

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3
Q

where do you find capacitation inhibiting factors

A

seminal fluid

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4
Q

What 2 things occur after capacitation

A

higher motility pattern (faster flagellum)
plasma membranes become more fragile

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5
Q

What does a more fragile sperm membrane do for the sperm

A

facilitates acrosome reaction

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6
Q

what is the acrosome reaction

A

fusion of acrosomal membrane and PM and releasing of enzymes

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7
Q

How can IVF induce capacitation

A

by washing sperm/ running them through a Percoll gradient

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8
Q

What induces the acrosome reaction

A

Binding of sperm to zona pellucida

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9
Q

What is polyspermy

A

when more than 1 sperm penetrate the oocyte

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10
Q

What is it called when more than 1 sperm penetrates the oocyte

A

Polyspermy

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11
Q

How does capacitation occur

A

Female secretions remove protein and some cholesterol that makes acrosomal membranes tough and stable

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12
Q

Name two mechanisms that prevent polyspermy

A

Oocyte membrane block
Cortical reaction

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13
Q

The cortical reaction helps f=prevent

A

polyspermy

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14
Q

the membrane block helps prevent

A

Polysperm

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15
Q

Describe the oocyte membrane block

A

Once a sperm binds, the oocyte sheds any other receptors so that no other sperm can bind

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16
Q

Waves of what are released when the sperm and oocyte membranes fuse

A

Calcium

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17
Q

What does the wave of calcium from the oocyte’s endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm cause

A

The cortical reaction

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18
Q

What is the cortical reaction

A

exocytosis of granules located just inside the plasma membrane

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19
Q

What occurs in the cortical reaction

A

granules from the PM contain enzymse that destroy the zona pellucida’s sperm-binding receptors and harden the zona pellucida

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20
Q

What is the male pronucleus

A

when the sperm’s nucleus swells to about 5 times it’s original size

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21
Q

what is it called when the sperm’s nucleus swells to about 5 times it’s original size

A

male pronucleus

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22
Q

an efflux of what allows the oocyte to complete meiosis II

A

zinc

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23
Q

what makes the oocyte complete meiosis II

A

fertilization

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24
Q

what is it called when the ovum nucleus swells

A

female pronucleus

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25
Q

what is the female pronucleus

A

when the ovum nucleus swells

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26
Q

when does the female pronucleus appear

A

when meiosis II is complete

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27
Q

what occurs between the two pronuclei as they approach one another

A

they fuse, and form the 2N of the zygote

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28
Q

Describe cleavage

A

period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth

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29
Q

what is the goal of cleavage

A

produce small cells with a high surface-to-volume ratio, which enhances their uptake of nutrients and oxygen and the disposal of wastes

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30
Q

the first cleavage division of the zygote produces two identical cells known as

A

blastomeres

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31
Q

what is a morula

A

a cluster of cells formed 72 hours after fertilization

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32
Q

what is the cluster of cells formed 72 hours after fertilization

A

the morula

33
Q

when does the zona pellucida start to break down

A

4-5 days after fertilization

34
Q

what is the structure inside the zona pellucida as it starts to break down

A

blastocyst

35
Q

what are the flattened cells in a single layer around the blastocyst

A

trophoblast cells

36
Q

what are the 20-30 rounded cells clinging to the inside of the blastocyst

A

embryoblast

37
Q

what are embryoblast cells

A

the 20-30 rounded cells clinging to the inside of the blastocyst

38
Q

what are trophoblast cells

A

the flattened cells in a single layer around the blastocyst

39
Q

what cells protects the blastocysts from the mother’s immune cells

A

trophoblast

40
Q

what cells make a major contribution to the choriion

A

trophoblast

41
Q

what cells becomes the two layered embryonic disc

A

embryoblast

42
Q

How many days after ovulation does implantation begin

A

6-7 days

43
Q

what occurs 6-7 days after ovulation

A

implantation

44
Q

what allows the endometrium of the uterus to become receptive to implantation

A

surging levels of estrogens and progesterone

45
Q

what binds the trophoblast to the endometrial epithelum

A

cell adhesion molecules

46
Q

what two layers does the trophoblast proliferate into after implantation

A

cytotrophoblast
syncytiotrophoblast

47
Q

what is the innermost layer of cells of the blastocyte that the trophoblast proliferates into

A

cytotrophoblast

48
Q

what is the outermost layer of cells of the blastocyte that the trophoblast proliferates into

A

syncytiotrophoblast

49
Q

why does the embryo rescue the corpus luteum

A

to prevent mentruation and flushing away the newly implanted embryo

50
Q

How does the embryo rescue the corpus luteum

A

Its syncytiotrophoblast secretes human chorionic gonadotropin

51
Q

what hormone does human chorionic gonadotropin act like

A

lutenizing hormone

52
Q

what does hCG prompt the corpus luteum to do

A

secrete progesterone and estrogens

53
Q

what helps prevent the mother’s immune system from rejecting the IMPLANTED embryo

A

hCG

54
Q

what makes hCG

A

sycytiotrophoblast

55
Q

what does the syncytiotrophoblast secrete

A

hCG

56
Q

between the second and third month, what assumes the role of progesterone and estrogen production

A

placenta

57
Q

how does the implanted embryo initially obtain its nutrition

A

by digesting endometrial cells

58
Q

what is placentation

A

formation of the placenta

59
Q

what is the name for formation of the placenta

A

placentation

60
Q

what is the temporary pancake shaped organ

A

placenta

61
Q

what is the chorion

A

outermost fetal membrane

62
Q

what is the outermost fetal membrane used to form the placenta

A

chorion

63
Q

what two things form the chorion

A

trophoblast
associated mesoderm

64
Q

what is the decidua basalis

A

endometrium that lies beneath the embryo

65
Q

what is the endometrium that lies beneath the embryo

A

decidua basalis

66
Q

what is the decidua capsularis

A

the endometrium surrounding the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo

67
Q

the endometrium surrounding the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo

A

decidua capsularis

68
Q

what is the function of the foramen ovale

A

diverts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium

69
Q

what diverts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium

A

the foramen ovale

70
Q

what is the function of the dectus venosus

A

carries blood from the umbilical vein - to the liver - into inferior vena cava

71
Q

what carries blood from the umbilical vein - to the liver - into inferior vena cava

A

ductus venosus

72
Q

what do the umbilical arteries do

A

carry blood from the feus to the placenta

73
Q

what carries blood from the feus to the placenta (paired)

A

umbilical arteries

74
Q

what is a single vessel that carries blood from the placenta to the fetus

A

umbilical vein

75
Q

where does teh gas, nutrition and waste exchange occur

A

at the placenta

76
Q

name 3 things that hPL does

A

stimulates breast development
supports fetal bone growth
reduces insulin sensitivity to fetus

77
Q

what is severe nausea from pregnancy

A

hyperemesis gravidarum

78
Q

what is hyperemesis gravidarum

A

severe nausea from pregnancy

ANP 1107 (21 decks)

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