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ANP 1107 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things have to happen for micturition

A

Detrusor muscle must contract
Internal urethral sphincter must open
External urethral sphincter must open

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2
Q

Where is the detrusor muscle

A

The wall of the bladder

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3
Q

What is the role of the pontine storage center

A

Inhibits micturition

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4
Q

What is the role of the pontine micturition center

A

Promotes micturition

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5
Q

What is stress incontinence

A

Incontinence as a result from increased abdominal pressure - sneezing, laughing

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6
Q

What is incontinence

A

The inability to control micturition voluntarily

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7
Q

What is urinary retention

A

bladder unable to expel urine

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8
Q

What is renal failure

A

Running out of nephrons that work properly

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9
Q

How can prolonged pressure on skeletal muscle cause renal failure

A

As muscle cells get broken, they release a lot of substances that go into the blood, and can damage the kidney

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10
Q

When is dialysis needed

A

once renal functioning is below 25%

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11
Q

What is hemodialysis

A

artificially filtering blood through a machine

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12
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis

A

filtering blood through BV of the peritoneal membrane

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13
Q

What is the liquid infused with peritoneal dialysis

A

Dialysate

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14
Q

What is dialysate composed of

A

Mostly salts and sugars

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15
Q

Why is dialysate composed of mostly salts and sugars

A

to encourage filtration - very high solute concentration

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16
Q

What is Dialysate

A

the liquid infused with peritoneal dialysis

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17
Q

How is dialysate infused into the peritoneal cavity

A

through a catheter

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18
Q

What are the two types of peritoneal dialysis

A

Continuous ambulatory
Continuous cycling

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19
Q

What is continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

A

Where you put a 2L of dialysate into peritoneal cavity, wait 4-5 hours and drain it back into the bag

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20
Q

How many times a day do you do CAPD

A

about 4-5

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21
Q

What machine does CCPD use

A

a cycler

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22
Q

How long does each CCPD cycle last

A

1-1.5 hours

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23
Q

When is CCPD done

A

At night while patient sleeps

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24
Q

What is done during CCPD

A

The cycler does multiple exchanges, so it’ll fill the cavity, filter, drain, and repeat every once in a while

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25
Q

What is 60% of your total body fluid

A

Intracellular fluid

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26
Q

What is 40% of your total body fluid

A

extracellular fluid

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27
Q

What are the two parts of extracellular fluid

A

Interstitial fluid
Plasma

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28
Q

What percent of ECF is interstitial fluid

A

80%

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29
Q

What percent of ECF is plasma

A

20%

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30
Q

What volume is ICF

A

25L

31
Q

What volume is ECF

A

15L

32
Q

What has greater osmotic power: electrolytes or non-electrolytes

A

Electrolytes: because they break down into 2 solutes

ie/ NaCl - Na + Cl

33
Q

In ECF the chief cation is ____

A

sodium

34
Q

In ECF the chief anion is ____

A

chloride

35
Q

In ICF the chief cation is ____

A

potassium

36
Q

In ICF the chief anion is ____

A

phosphate

37
Q

Changes in solute concentrations in blood plasma will affect ______ fluid volumes

A

Intracellular

38
Q

What is your typical plasma osmolairty

A

280-300mOsm

39
Q

What two things happen when you have increased plasma osmolairty

A

You get thirsty
ADH stimulates renal water reabsorption

40
Q

What two things happen when you have decreased plasma osmolality

A

Thirst not stimulated
ADH not secreted

41
Q

What are the 3 obiligatory water losses

A

Insensible via skin/lungs
Via feces
Urinary loss

42
Q

What happens with dry mouth

A

Osmoreceptors of hypothalamic thirst center lose water to hypertonic ECF: become irritable and depolarize

43
Q

When does dry mouth occur

A

increase of plasma osmolality of 1-2%

44
Q

What occurs with an increase of plasma osmolality of 1-2%

A

Dry mouth

45
Q

When do baroreceptors trigger thirst mechanims

A

When plasma volume is down 5-10%

46
Q

A decrease in what percent of plasma volume triggers baroreceptors

A

5-10%

47
Q

What is hypotonic hydration

A

Too much water intake, water enters cells, cells swell

48
Q

What is edema

A

Accumulation of fluid (and salts) in IF but not inside cells

49
Q

Accumulation of fluid (and salts) in IF but not inside cells

A

Edema

50
Q

Too much water intake, water enters cells, cells swell

A

Hypotonic hydration

51
Q

What percent of the ECF solutes is sodium

A

90-95%

52
Q

What two things does sodium determine

A

Plasma osmolality
Blood volume

53
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Signals reabsorption of sodium

54
Q

What percent of sodium is reabsorbed even without aldosterone

A

85%

55
Q

What is the most influential sodium agent at the level of the kidney

A

Aldosteron

56
Q

Does aldosterone act quickly or slowly

A

Slowly

57
Q

What two things stimulate aldosterone secretion

A

Renin-angiotensin system
High K+ or low Na+

58
Q

What 3 things are renin secreted in response to

A

Sympathetic NS
decreased filtrate osmolarity
Decreased stretch of afferent arteriole

59
Q

What is addison’s disease

A

Hyposecretion of aldosterone: loss of Na+ and water in urine

60
Q

What disease is signified by hyposecretion of aldosterone

A

Addison’s disease

61
Q

What is the main function of ADH

A

increase water reabsorption in the collecting ducts

62
Q

What receptors (and where) are the first signals for ADH

A

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

63
Q

If there is a high plasma osmolality, name the pathway of signals for ADH sescretion

A

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus stimulates:

Posterior pituitary:
releases ADH

ADH targets collecting ducts

water reabsorption goes up

64
Q

What does ANF exist to do

A

Protect the heart from high bp

65
Q

What is ANF’s full name

A

Atrial natriuretic factor

66
Q

What effect does ANF have on bp

A

Lowers it

67
Q

When is ANF released

A

by cells in the atria when bp is elevated

68
Q

What 3 things does ANF do

A

inhibits Na reabsorption (DCT, collecting duct)

Lowers release of ADH, renin and aldosterone

Induces vasodilation

69
Q

What hormone is estradiol similar to

A

Aldosterone

70
Q

What does progesterone do

A

Has a minor diuretic effect

71
Q

What hormone is cortisol similar to

A

Aldosterone

72
Q

What is pressure diuresis

A

When blood volume/pressure goes up, sympathetic output to kidney goes down

73
Q

What is the result of pressure diuresis

A

Dilation of afferent arterioles; higher GFR

ANP 1107 (21 decks)

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