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ANP 1107 > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the metabolic hormone

A

Thyroid hormone T3 and T4

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2
Q

What is another name for a parafollicular cell

A

C cell

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3
Q

What is another name for a C cell

A

parafollicular cell

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4
Q

What is the function of calcitonin

A

Lowers blood calcium

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5
Q

What produces calcitonin

A

C cells/parafollicular cells

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6
Q

What do parafollicular cells produce

A

Calcitonin

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7
Q

What is calcitonin secreted in response to

A

Increase of blood levels of calcium

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8
Q

What stage of life is calcitonin the most important

A

Childhood for the skeleton

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9
Q

What is the definition of the MR

A

body’s rate of energy expenditure per hour = total heat

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10
Q

What are the two ways BMR can be measured

A

Direct - water
Indirect - see how much oxygen you consume

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11
Q

Name for “energy cost of living”

A

BMR

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12
Q

what unit is BMR reported as

A

kcal/m^2/hr

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13
Q

Which sex is BMR higher in

A

males; more skeletal muscle

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14
Q

What is the major determining factor of BMR

A

Body surface area

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15
Q

Why is body surface area the major BMR determining factor

A

You need to maintain heat, higher surface area, quicker you lose heat

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16
Q

BMR is ______ proportional to age

A

inversely

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17
Q

How can stress increase metabolic rate

A

epi increases metabolic rate by increasing fat catabolism; heat generates

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18
Q

_______ and BMR are tightly associated

A

Body temp

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19
Q

What is the most important hormonal
factor in regulating BMR

A

Thyroid hormong
(metabolic hormone)

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20
Q

High MR; poor heat tolerance; weight loss

A

Hyperthyroidism
(too much heat, too much MR, therefore you lose weight)

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21
Q

Low MR; obesity, poor cold tolerance

A

Hypothyroidism
(not generating enough heat, not enough MR, too cold)

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22
Q

What is TMR

A

total metabolic rate

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23
Q

What is the sum of BMR and voluntary activities

A

TMR

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24
Q

what is food induced thermogensis

A

eat food
energy needed to digest
rapid increase in TMR

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25
Q

does fasting/low caloric intake increase or decrease MR

A

decrease

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26
Q

Heat produced by skeletal muscle can be ______ times that of rest of body

A

30-40

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27
Q

what is the average body temp

A

37 degrees celcius

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28
Q

For every 1 degree rise in temp, rate of catalytic reactions increases by ____

A

10%

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29
Q

What happens if your body temp is too high

A

Proteins start to get denatured

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30
Q

What temp is the limit for life

A

43 degrees

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31
Q

what temp do convulsions in adults begin

A

41 degrees

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32
Q

is an increase or decrease in body temp tolerated better

A

decrease

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33
Q

Loss of heat by infrared waves

A

Radiation

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34
Q

Radiation

A

Loss of heat by infrared waves

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35
Q

What percent of body heat loss is by radiation

A

50%

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36
Q

What kind of heat exchange?
movement of heat via waves

A

Radiation

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37
Q

What kind of heat exchange?
Direct physical contact; through a material medium

A

Conduction

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38
Q

Give an example of radiation

A

cool room warming when filled with people

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39
Q

What kind of heat exchange?
Warm air rises, cold air sinks
Cool air absorbs heat, rises and process repeats

A

Convection

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40
Q

Forced convection

A

Convection enhanced by wind or fan (forces air across body)

41
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

Water molecules absorb enough heat to escape as gas

42
Q

Insensible water loss

A

basal heat loss due to continuous evaporation from lungs

43
Q

Insensible heat loss

A

Heat loss we cannot regulate/control

44
Q

What percent of basal heat production is insensible

A

10

45
Q

When does evaporation become a sensible heat loss

A

when body temps rise

46
Q

Where are the thermoregulatory centers found

A

Hypothalamus

47
Q

What are the two thermoregulatory centers

A

Heat loss
Heat promoting

48
Q

Where are peripheral thermoreceptors

A

The shell

49
Q

Where are central thermoreceptors

A

In the core - sensitive to blood temp

50
Q

what does the hypothalamus receive afferent input from

A

peripheral and central thermoreceptors

51
Q

The input from what thermoreceptor is most important

A

central

52
Q

lowering of shell temp can alert hypothalamus to do what

A

preserve core temp

53
Q

Name the 4 heat promoting mechanisms

A

vasoconstriction of skin BV
Shivering
Increase metabolic rate
Release more thyroxine

54
Q

Increase in MR is also known as

A

chemical/nonshivering thermogenesis

55
Q

what kind of fat in adults can generate heat by burning triglycerides and glucose

A

brown fat

56
Q

What two heat conserving mechanisms is not seen in adults

A

Increase in MR
Increase thyroxine release

57
Q

Why is shivering so effective

A

muscle activity generates a lot of heat

58
Q

Most heat loss mechanisms occur through the ______

A

skin

59
Q

Name the 3 main heat loss mechanisms

A

Vasodilation of skin BV
Enhanced sweating
Behaviour modifications

60
Q

Sweat glands are strongly activated by which NS

A

sympathetic

61
Q

When does hyperthermia occur

A

when normal heat loss procedures are ineffective

62
Q

Hyperthermia is an example of a _______ feedback cycle

A

Positive

63
Q

Explain the positive feedback cyc;e with hyperthermia

A

Temp increases
as a result, MR increases
as a result, temp increases
as a result, MR increases
etc

64
Q

what is coined as controlled hyperthermia

A

fever

65
Q

what releases pyrogens

A

macrophages

66
Q

macrophages release what in regards to temp

A

pyrogens

67
Q

What do pyrogens do

A

cause a reset of hypothalamic thermoregulatory centers

68
Q

What kind of molecule is a pyrogen

A

cytokine signaling

69
Q

the majority of energy output is in the form of ____

A

heat

70
Q

define hunger

A

a physiological need to eat

71
Q

appetite

A

desire for specific types of foods

72
Q

satiety

A

satisfatction of hunger
not hungry

73
Q

What two nuclei are key centers in appetite regulation

A

arcuate nucleus
solitary nucleus

74
Q

where is the
solitary nucleus

A

in the brain stem

75
Q

where would you find the VMN and LHA neurons

A

Hypothalmus

76
Q

What is the role of the VMN nerons

A

tell us that we had enough to eat

77
Q

What is the role of the LHA neurons

A

tell us when were hungry

78
Q

What does the VMN release to signal satiety

A

CRH
(corticotropin releasing hormone)

79
Q

What does the LHA neurons to release to stimulate hunger

A

orexins

80
Q

POMC/CART neurons release what, and work on what

A

melanocortin
VMN neurons

81
Q

What is the long name of VMN

A

ventromedial nucleus

82
Q

What is the long name for LHA

A

lateral hypothalamic area

83
Q

What stimulates the LHA

A

release of neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide
(NPY/AGRP)

84
Q

What does ARC stand for

A

arcuate nucleus

85
Q

The LHA is to hunger as the _____ is to satiety

A

VMN

86
Q

What group of neurons in the ARC stimulates satiety

A

VMN

87
Q

What group of neurons in the ARC stimulate hunger

A

LHA

88
Q

What is the most important short term hunger hormone

A

Insulin - satiety signal

89
Q

Does protein make you feel fuller for longer or shorter

A

Longer

90
Q

What released from stomach is a potent hunger stimulator

A

Ghrelin

91
Q

Where is ghrelin released from

A

Stomach

92
Q

When do glucagon levels rise

A

During fasting

93
Q

What does cholecystokinin do for appetite

A

Depresses hunger

94
Q

Does increased body temp increase or depress hunger

A

depress
higher body temp, higher MR, probably due to eating

95
Q

What is leptin

A

a peptide hormone

96
Q

What releases leptin

A

adipose tissue

97
Q

What does leptin inhibit and increase

A

Inhibits NPY secretion
Increases CART expression

98
Q

More adipose tissue = more _____

A

Leptin

99
Q

Does leptin increase or supress appetie

A

Supresses, so you use up the adipose tissue stored

ANP 1107 (21 decks)

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