Lecture 11 Flashcards
What are the only formed elements that are complete cells
Leukocytes
Name all 5 leukocytes
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
What is leukocytosis
body’s response to bacterial or viral invasion
What is the name for the bodys response to bacterial or viral invasion
Leukocytosis
What are the two categories of leukocytes
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Name all the granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Name all the agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
What ending is associated with Granulocytes
Phil
What ending is associated with agranulocytes
Cyte
What is the acronym giving leukocytes in decreasing order of concentration in blood
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
What is the least concentrated leukocyte
Basophils
What is the most concentrated leukocyte
Neutrophils
What kind of leukocytes are spherical with lobed nuclei
Granulocytes (the phils)
What kind of leukocytes look like they have multiple nuclei but only have 1
Granulocytes
What leukocyte is over 50% of all leukocytes
Neutrophils
What leukocyte has 2 types of granules?
Neutrophils
What do neutrophil granulocytes contain
Hydrolytic enzymes
Defensins (antibiotic proteins)
What are polymorphic leukocytes
Means theyre leukocytes with many shaped nucleus
Neutrophils
What do phagocytes do
Ingest and destroy bacteria
What leukocyte is 2-4% of all leukocytes
Eosinophils
What leukocyte has nuclei that look like an old phone
Eosinophils
What leukocyte is effective against parasitic worms
Eosinophils
What leukocyte has higher numbers during allergic reactions
eosinophils
What leukocyte tries to lower the intensity of allergic reactions
Eosinophils
What leukocyte has cytoplasmic granules that contain histamine
Basophils
What does histamine do
Makes BV leaky and attracts other WBC
What leukocyte has an S or U shaped dark purple nucleus
Basophils
What group of leukocytes have no visible granules
Agranulocytes
What group of leukocytes have spherical or kidney shaped nuclei
Agranulocytes
Where do most lymphocytes hang out
Lymphoid tissue
Name 2 types of lymphocytes
T cells
B cells
What is the largest leukocyte
Monocyte
What leukocyte is phagocytic in chronic infections (ex TB)
Monocytes
What leukocyte is phagocytic against acute infections
Neutrophils
What leukocyte differentiates into macrophages
Monocytes
What is the shape of a monocyte nucleus
Kidney shaped or U shaped
What is leukopoiesis
production of new white blood cells
What is the name for production of new WBC
leukopoiesis
What is the stem cell for RBC, WBC and platelets
Hemocytoblast
What does the hemocytoblast develop into
Myeloid stem cell
Lymphoid stem cell
What does the myeloid stem cell differentiate into
Myeloblasts
Monoblasts
What leukocytes does the myeloblast differentiate into
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Basophil
What does the monoblast differentiate into
monocyte
What commited cell do the granulocytes come from
Myeloblast
What is the commited cell that lymphocytes are derived from
Lymphoblast
What is the stem cell that leads to lymphocytes
Lymphoid stem cell
What is the only leukocyte that is not derived from myeloid stem cells
Lymphocytes
What is leukemia
Cancer of WBCs
When is leukemia acute vs chronic
Acute if derived from a blast type cell
Chronic if from cells at later stages
What is going ono with WBCs in leukemia
WBC numerous but not functional
What happens to the WBC with mono
Large numbers of large and abnormally shaped lymphocytes
What is leukopenia
Abnormally low WBC count
What disease causes giant enlarged lymphocytes
Mononucleosis
What kind of defense protects without having to identify the foreign invaders
Innate
What type of immunity recognizes the specific target
Adaptive immunity
What is a PAMP
pathogen associated molecular pattern
What is a DAMP
damage associated molecular patterns
Define PAMP
patterns associated with molecules not normally present in the body
Define DAMP
patterns of molecules in the wrong place in our body (dna in cytoplasm)
Are PAMP/DAMP innate or adaptive immunity
Innate
What do toll like receptors do
Recognize PAMPs; phagocytize whatever is not deemed normal
Where would you find toll like receptors
On the surface of phagocytic cells
What are the 4 key signs of inflammation
redness
heat
swelling
pain
Name 4 reasons inflammation is helpful
prevents spread of microorganisms
disposes of cell debris and pathogens
sets the stage for repair processes
alerts the adaptive immune system
What are released by cells when injured
inflammatory chemicals
Margination
movement of particles in flow towards the wall of a channel (clinging to the wall)
Diapedesis
the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries
(neutrophils flatten and squeeze out)
Chemotaxis
WBCs following the chemical trail
How do monocytes become macrophages
They turn into macrophages once they get to the tissues, but travel as monocytes
Is interferon virus specific
Nope
What secretes interferon
virus infected cells
What does interferon do
binds with receptors on healthy cells, to encourage production of enzymes to break down the viral RNA
Also to prevent protein synthesis in healthy cells
What is complement
A group of plasma proteins circulating in the blood (inactive)
What is the name for the group of inactive plasma proteins circulating in the blood
Complement
movement of particles in flow towards the wall of a channel (clinging to the wall)
Margination
the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries
(neutrophils flatten and squeeze out)
Diapedesis
WBCs following the chemical trail during inflammation
Chemotaxis
Opsonin
a substance that binds to foreign microorganisms to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis
What functions as an opsonin
Complement
What are natural killer cells
A non specific lymphocyte
what is the major histocompatibility complex
A group of markers that mark all our nucleated cells
When would a cell reduce their expression of MHC 1
cells infected with viruses
