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ANP 1107 > Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the female gametes

A

Oocytes

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2
Q

what are oocytes

A

the female gametes

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3
Q

what does aromatase do

A

converts testosterone to estradiol

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4
Q

what converts testosterone to estradiol

A

aromatase

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5
Q

what does progesterone do

A

gets the body ready for pregnancy

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6
Q

what are the two key functions of ovaries

A

produces oocytes
produce reproductive hormones

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7
Q

Name the pathway from cholesterol to estradiol

A

cholesterol
progesterone
androstenedione
testosterone
estradiol

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8
Q

where are progestins, androgens and estrogens produced

A

ovarian follicles

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9
Q

when is estradiol most important

A

first half of menstural cycle

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10
Q

how many carbons do progestins have

A

21

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11
Q

what produces progestins

A

all major ovarian cell types - granulosa cells, theca cells, corpus luteum etc

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12
Q

progestins are most important as a product of

A

the corpus luteum

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13
Q

when are progestins most important

A

during luteal phase and maintenance of pregnancy

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14
Q

androgens are most important as a precursor for what

A

estradiol

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15
Q

how many carbons do androgens have

A

19

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16
Q

what are androgens synthesized by

A

follicular theca cells
corpus lueum

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17
Q

what is too much testosterone associated with in women

A

follicular atresia

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18
Q

follicular atresia can be caused by what

A

too much testosterone

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19
Q

what are estrogens synthesized by

A

follicular granulosa cells
corpus luteum

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20
Q

what are estrogens essential for

A

stimulation of follicular development
onset of puberty
etc

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21
Q

What is the role of FSH W

A

stimulates ovarian follicles to grow and produce estradiol

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22
Q

what is the role of LH W

A

stimulates testosterone production by theca cells
stimulates ovulation/secretion of steroid hormones by corpus luteum

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23
Q

What is the second half of the menstrual cycle governed by

A

LH

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24
Q

What is the starting point of the primordial follicle

A

oocyte surrounded by single layer of flattened follicular cells

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25
Q

What will the single layer of flattened follicular cells around the oocyte turn into

A

granulosa cells

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26
Q

what is arrested at prophase of meiosis I

A

primary oocyte

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27
Q

when does the ovary have full complement of primordial follicles

A

6 months

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28
Q

What triggers resumption of meiosis

A

fertilization of the ovum

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29
Q

what is a zygote

A

fertilized egg

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30
Q

what is the name for a fertilized egg

A

zygote

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31
Q

what is the first trigger for meiosis in W

A

LH surge

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32
Q

what is the second trigger in meiosis in W

A

Fertilization

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33
Q

is the development of the primary follicle gonadotropin dependant or independant

A

independant

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34
Q

what is aquired when the oocyte increases in size

A

zona pellucida

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35
Q

what is the zona pellucida

A

specialized area surrounding oocytes

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36
Q

what happens as the primary follicle starts to develop

A

oocytes get bigger - zona pellucida
granulosa cells divide/form several layers
cells glosest to growing follicles form into theca cells

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37
Q

Continued maturation of the follicles require what

A

LH and FSH

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38
Q

when does it stop being a primary follicle

A

once you see fluid in the granulosa layer

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39
Q

what is antrum

A

Fluid

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40
Q

why is the antrum important

A

it helps to carry the oocyte - when follicle ruptures, the fluid carries out the oocyte

41
Q

Why can theca cells not create estradiol

A

they dont have aromatase

42
Q

what 2 compartments does the basement membrane divide the follicles into

A

inner granulosa cell
outer theca cell compartment

43
Q

What follicular compartment is non vascularized

A

inner granulosa cell

44
Q

What follicular compartment is FSH responsive

A

inner granulosa cell

45
Q

What follicular compartment is vascularized

A

outer theca cell compartment

46
Q

what follicular compartment is LH responsive

A

outer theca cell compartment

47
Q

what do theca cells produce W

A

testosterone

48
Q

can theca cells make estradiol

A

nope - no aromatase

49
Q

what happens if there is no rising FSH levels at beginning of cycle

A

atresia

50
Q

how does a follicle become dominant

A

must convert an androgenic environment to estrogenic environment

51
Q

What is the corpus luteum regulated by

A

LH

52
Q

why does FSH switches to inducing receptors for LH

A

because the corpus luteum is only regulated by LH

53
Q

why is the corpus luteum regulated only by LH

A

it stimulates further E and P production
Allows for LH surge

54
Q

Name 4 things LH stimulates in ovulation

A

resumption of meiosis (extrusion of polar body 1)
P production by granulosa cells
increase in antral fluid volume
release of hydrolytic enzymes

55
Q

What is the most importnat hormone once the oocyte is released

A

Progesterone

56
Q

what are cumulus cells

A

tightly associated granulosa cells that surround the oocyte and help w oocyte maturation and fertilization

57
Q

what does the minor FSH surge in ovulation stimulate

A

synthesis of hyauloronic acid

58
Q

what is hyaluronic acid important for in ovulation

A

cumulus explansion

59
Q

what is the corpus luteum composed of

A

Luteinized granulosa
theca cells
capillaries

60
Q

What is the lifespan of the corpus luteum without pregnancy

A

12 days

61
Q

How long is the luteal phase

A

12 days

62
Q

What phase has the resurfacing of epithelium

A

proliferative

63
Q

what phase includes the development of spiral arteries and uterine glands

A

Proliferative phase

64
Q

What phase does cervical mucus become thin to allow sperm passage

A

Proliferative

65
Q

What phase includes the thickening of whole layer due to cell growth and fluid retention

A

Secretory phase

66
Q

What are the 2 ovarian phases

A

Follicular phase
Luteal phase

67
Q

What day of ovarian phases does ovulation occur

A

14

68
Q

What are the three uterine phases

A

menstrual
proliferative
secretory

69
Q

what is produced in increasing amounts if the oocyte is fertilized (beginning day 9-13 after ovulation)

A

hCG

70
Q

what rescuses CL until placental P can maintain pregnancy

A

hCG

71
Q

what are the diploid stem cells in the ovaries

A

Oogonia

72
Q

what do the oogonia produce after mitosis

A

Primary oocytes

73
Q

what do the primary oocytes produce after meiosis I

A

secondary oocytes

74
Q

what does a secondary oocyte produce after going through meiosis II

A

Ova

75
Q

The surrounding cells of an oocyte are called ____ if only one layer is present

A

pre-granulosa cells

76
Q

The surrounding cells of an oocyte are called _____ if more than one layer is present

A

Granulosa cells

77
Q

What are the functional units of the ovary

A

follicles

78
Q

Describe primordial follicles

A

have a single layer of squamound pre-granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte

79
Q

Describe primary follicles

A

have a single layer of cuboidal pre-granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte

80
Q

Describe secondary follicles

A

have multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte - appearance of antrum

81
Q

What do primordial, primary and secondary follicles all contain

A

primary oocytes arrested in prophase 1

82
Q

Before puberty, all developing follicles:

A

undergo atresia

83
Q

What does the corpus luteum develop from

A

ruptured follicle

84
Q

THE ____ is the only thing that ever resumes meosis I in females

A

the oocyte in the dominant follicle

85
Q

How many polar bodies are made in female meiosis

A

3

86
Q

What are the products of female meiosis 1

A

two haploid cells - smaller one is the first polar body, bigger is the secondary oocyte

87
Q

when does the secondary oocyte arrest

A

metaphase II

88
Q

What is produced after meiosis 2 in females

A

one large ovum
a tiny second polar body

89
Q

What are the two phases of follicle development

A

Gonadotropin - independant preantral phase
Antral phase

90
Q

What occurs when a primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle

A

squamous cells surrounding become cuboidal

oocyte gets bigger

zona pellucida forms

91
Q

What occurs when a primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle

A

multiple granulosa cell layers form

Oocyte gets a lot bigger

92
Q

What is an antrum

A

A large, fluid filled cavity

93
Q

when does the secondary follicular stage end

A

when a clear liquid begins to accumulate btween the granulosa cells

94
Q

when is the dominant follicle selected

A

the follicular phase

95
Q

how long does a follicular phase last

A

14ish days

96
Q

what is the phase in which the corpus luteum is active

A

luteal phase

97
Q

What occur during ovulation

A

the ballooning ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte

98
Q
A

ANP 1107 (21 decks)

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