Lecture 7 Flashcards
What are the 4 major classes of nutrients
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
What are the 3 other classes of nutrients
Vitamins
minerals
water
Essentially all dietary carbohydrates come from what
Plants
what is the major body fuel
Glucose
how are galactose and fructose converted to glucose
Isomerization
Neurons and RBCs rely almost 100% on what
glucose, other cells can use fats
how many grams of carbs are required daily
100 minimum
what percent of total calories should be carbs
45-65%
What are the most dietary lipids
Triglycerides
Where do you find saturated fats
meat, dairy, cocunut
Where do you find unsaturated fats
Seeds, nuts, vegetable oils
What are the other 2 dietary lipids
cholesterol
phospholipids
what are the two fatty acids that the liver cannot synthesize
linoleic and linolenic acids
Is cholesterol used for energy
no
What type of unsaturated fats do not exist naturally
Trans
Why are linoleic and linolenic acids “essential”
because we need to ingest it, we can synthesize it
what are phospholipids essential for
myelin sheaths
plasma membranes
what are the major fuel of hepatocytes and skeletal muscle
triglycerides
What percent of caloric intake should lipids represent
under 30
what percent of total fat should be saturated fats
under 10
How many mg of cholesterol is recommended per day
under 300
name a few complete proteins
meat, eggs, milk and fish
How many essential amino acids are there
10/8
What are the three uses of proteins in the body
structural
functional
energy
what class of nutrients is necessary for keratin, collagen and elastin
Proteins
what is the nitrogen balance
reflection of how much protein there is in your body
What is the recommended g per kg for proteins
0.8g/kg body weight
riboflavin and niacin are essential coenzymes for what
Metabolism of glucose
are riboflavin and niacin fat or water soluble?
Water, theyre B3 and B2
What vitamin can be converted by the body from B-carotene
vitamin A
What 3 vitamins are antioxidants
A,C,E
Can water soluble vitamins be stored in the body
no
Can fat soluble vitamins be stored in the body
yes (except K)
minerals compose what percent of body mass
4%
what two minerals make up most of the mass
calcium and phosphorus
What is glucose activation
adding two phosphate groups to make it fructose 1,6-biphosphate
Why do we activate glucose
to trap it in the cells and create a glucose gradient
What net ATP is made in glycolysis
2
What is made in glycolysis
4 ATP (2net), 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH +H
