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bio 2 > lecture 9 > Flashcards

lecture 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the three main plant adaptations

A
  1. adaptation to climate 2. adaptation to low nutrients 3. adaptation to herbivory and pathogens
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2
Q

how do some plants avoid drought

A

their entire life cycle occurs during periods of rainfall; otherwise theyre dormant

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3
Q

what are some physical adaptations for plants in hot and dry climates

A
  1. succulent leaves (water storage tissue) 2. stomata in crypts (inside and have hair filled holes that control air)
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4
Q

what are succulent leaves

A

water storage tissue

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5
Q

what do plants do in salty soils

A

they have tissues with high solute concentrations causing lower water potential allowing the plant to take up water counteracting osmosis

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6
Q

what are other xeric adaptations 4 things

A
  1. tiny or no leaves 2. shallow roots 3. water storage (enlarged stem) 4. spines help dissipate heat and gives shade
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7
Q

what are spines

A

modified leaves

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8
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

similar habitats lead to similar adaptations , some species may look the same but they are not

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9
Q

where do carnivorous plants occur most often

A

in places with high light, high rainfall, but low soil nutrients (sometimes due to acid conditions)

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10
Q

what is important to note about the carnivorous plants diet

A

they do NOT get energy from insects rather they get nitrogen and phosphorus from them because soil lacks it

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11
Q

legumes have a symbiotic association with

A

nitrogen fixing bacteria to supply their nitrogen

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12
Q

plant adaptation to low light

A

get taller

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13
Q

plant adaptation to excess rain

A

they have drip tips (shape of leaf) and they have wide thin leave so water doesnt weight them down

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14
Q

plants have what two types of responses towards herbivores and pathogens

A

they have induced defenses and constitutive defenses

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15
Q

what is an induced defense

A

those produced in reaction to the presence of the pathogen, herbivore, or threat

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16
Q

what is a constitutive defense

A

those always present in plants

17
Q

what are five examples of constitutive defense

A
  1. outer surface (cuticle, bark, etc) 2. trichomes (hairs may be sharp or dense) 3. laticifers (latex channels) 4. thorns or spines 5. secondary metabolites (substances not essential to plant)
18
Q

trichomes

A

hair, may be sharp, and dense hairs may make obscure epidermis

19
Q

laticifers

A

latex channels that can gum up mouth of insects and can have toxins

20
Q

thorns

A

modified stems

21
Q

spines

A

modified leaves

22
Q

secondary metabolites

A

substances not essential to plants like toxins , chemical warfare to repel threats

23
Q

what is an example of a secondary metabolite

A

canavanine: a non protein amino acid that looks like an essential amino acid produced by some legumes and poisons herbivores

24
Q

secondary metabolites can be used as

A

drugs like nicotine, thc, medicines, and flavoring properties

25
Q

what is rubisco

A

an enzyme that fixes co2 in light independent reactions

26
Q

when stomata opens what happens to rubisco

A

its exposes to relatively high concentrations of c02 because 02 can be released in atmosphere

27
Q

when stomata closes what happens to rubisco

A

its exposed to high concentrations of o2 and low co2 because 02 isnt being released and rubisco starts fixing oxygen instead of co2 (not good)

28
Q

what is the process of rubisco fixing oxygen called

A

photorespiration

29
Q

how can a plant keep stomata closed to conserve h20 but keep photosynthesis

A

by protecting rubisco from photorespiration by actively concentrating co2 around it

30
Q

how can a plant keep photosynthesis happening in not bright and dry places (2 answers)

A
  1. protect rubisco from photorespiration by surrounding it with co2 (c4 photosynthesis) or 2. concentrate co2 and restrict h20 loss by closing stomata during the day and opening at night (CAM photosynthesis)
31
Q

c4 photosynthesis

A

associated with kranz anatomy which isolates rubisco to the bundle sheath (changes in leaf structure), mesophyll cells turns c02 into malate which is then moved to the bundle sheath to turn back into co2 around rubsico (surrounds rubisco with c02)

32
Q

CAM photosynthesis

A

cam photosynthesis stores co2 as malate at night (like c4) stomata opened and used co2 during the day with stomata closed

33
Q

species that use CAM can do what special thing

A

they can switch the alternative pathway on or off depending on the need

34
Q

cAM has NO what

A

anatomical change to the leaf

bio 2 (26 decks)

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