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bio 2 > lecture 10 > Flashcards

lecture 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are elicitors?

A

distinctive molecules in pathogens that trigger plant defenses

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2
Q

what are Avr (arirulence) genes?

A

genes that code for elicitors

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3
Q

what are r (resistance) genes?

A

plant genes that confer resistance to specific pathogens

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4
Q

how to elicitors do what they do?

A

they bind with membrane receptor proteins encoded by R resistance genes (gene for gene)

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5
Q

what does the binding of elicitors do?

A

it sets in motion a signal transduction pathway leading to two main inducible responses

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6
Q

what are the two main inducible responses

A

local responses and systemic responses

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7
Q

what are the induced defenses

A

elicitors, avr genes, and r genes

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8
Q

what are examples of local responses (3 things)

A
  1. phytoalexins 2.pathogenesis 3.physical isolation
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9
Q

what are phytoalexins

A

antibiotics toxic to bacteria and fungi produced by dying cells surrounding infection

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10
Q

what are pathogenesis related proteins

A

some are enzymes that break down cell ways of pathogens

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11
Q

what is physical isolation in plants

A

infected regions die and plasmodesmata are plugged

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12
Q

what are examples of systemic responses (4 things)

A
  1. general increase in resistance of entire plant 2. salicylic acid 3. jasmonate 4.methyl salicylate
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13
Q

what does salicylic acid do

A

it initiates responses to pathogens that depend on living plant tissues and leads to systemic acquired resistance (SAR)

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14
Q

what does jasmonate do

A

it initiates responses to microorganisms that kill plant cells and feed on their remains as well as insects

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15
Q

what does methyl salicylate do

A

is volatile and can signal remote parts of plant or other species that attack

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16
Q

plant responses to environment cues that influence growth are regulated by

A

hormones and photoreceptors

17
Q

what are plant hormones

A

chemical signals that act at very low concentrations at sites often far from where theyre produced

18
Q

what are photoreceptors

A

pigments associated with proteins that absorb light

19
Q

what is auxin

A

controls the direction and arrangement of apical growth, gravitropism, phototropism, and apical dominance, causes cells to elongate by cell wall acidification

20
Q

what is negative gravitropism

A

the auxin travels to the bottom causing the shoot to grow UPWARDS

21
Q

what is positive gravitropism

A

the auxin travels to the top side causing the shoot to grow DOWNWARDS

22
Q

what is apical dominance

A

apical buds inhibit growth of axillary buds, the terminal bud produces auxin and prevents lateral buds from growing

23
Q

what is ethylene gas

A

it promotes leaf abscission (falling) and senescence (part of plant die) and SPEES RIPENING OF FRUIT , presence of ethylene gas causes more ethylene gas to be made, and apical hook

24
Q

what are phytochromes

A

photoreceptors that mediate effects of red and far red light

25
Q

how can effects of red light be reverse

A

by exposure of far red light

26
Q

how many isoforms does phytochromes exist in

A

2

27
Q

the ratio of red and far red light determines what

A

seed germination, flowering, shoot development

28
Q

what is the usual ratio of red light/far red light during day

A

1.2:1 having far red light predominate

29
Q

what is the usual ratio of red light/far red light during the night

A

0.13:1 having red light predominate

30
Q

how does phytochrome effect the plant

A

by stimulating gene transcription

31
Q

what is a photoperiod

A

some plants only flower when days reach a specific length

32
Q

what do long day plants like

A

they like short nights as they flower on long days (summer)

33
Q

what do short day plants like

A

they like long nights and flower on short days (winter)

34
Q

poinsettia are what time of photoperiod plant

A

short day plant

bio 2 (26 decks)

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