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bio 2 > lecture 16 > Flashcards

lecture 16 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the three types of muscle

A

cardiac, skeletal, and smooth

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2
Q

cardiac muscle

A

specialized for pumping blood

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3
Q

skeletal muscle

A

specialized for rapid and voluntary contraction and relaxation

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4
Q

smooth muscle

A

specialized for slow involuntary control can contract for long periods without fatigue ; most efficient use of ATP

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5
Q

how do all muscles function

A

they generate a “pulling” forces by the same sliding filaments mechanism

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6
Q

muscles are made up of what two things

A

thin and thick filaments

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7
Q

thin filaments have

A

actin (rope)

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8
Q

thick filaments have

A

myosin (person pulling the rope) myosin does the pulling

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9
Q

actin and myosin mediate what

A

cell division, cell motility, and organelle transport in many cell types

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10
Q

the organization of actin and myosin give the muscle what

A

a striated (striped) look

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11
Q

what two muscles are striated

A

cardiac and skeletal

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12
Q

skeletal muscle cells are

A

large and multinucleated made up of organized contactile fibers

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13
Q

what other two molecules are attached to myosin and actin

A

troponin and tropomyosin

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14
Q

troponin

A

binds to tropomyosin to position it on actin and get it ready to move

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15
Q

tropomyosin

A

blocks myosin binding sites on actin

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16
Q

what is the process of contraction

A
  1. myosin binds to actin molecule 2. myosin pulls structure of actin molecules 3. myosin then detaches to let structure return to original form 4. myosin binds again to actin to repeat
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17
Q

what plays a big role in contraction

A

atp

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18
Q

what shifts myosin to cocked position

A

atp hydrolysis

19
Q

what initiates the power stroke (contraction)

A

myosin binding actin

20
Q

atp is needed when

A

to bind to actin and to unbind from actin

21
Q

what is the contractile unit of skeletal muscle and cardiac

A

sarcomere

22
Q

the fundamental unit of muscles

A

sarcomere

23
Q

z-line

A

where sarcomere ends and where actin is bound (end)

24
Q

m-line

A

middle; where thick filaments (myosin) are bounded

25
Q

A-band

A

includes ALL of the myosin band

26
Q

I-band

A

region of just actin

27
Q

H-band

A

region of just myosin

28
Q

when muscle is contracted what locations are shortened

A

I and H bands will get smaller as myosin and actin pull on each other bringing the z lines together, the overlapping region is huge

29
Q

how do muscles coordinate

A

through stimulation from the somatic nervous system

30
Q

what regulates almost all muscle contractions

A

neurons

31
Q

skeletal contractions are usually controlled

A

consciously

32
Q

each muscle cell is innervated by

A

one neuron but one neuron can innervate multiple muscle cells

33
Q

one motor neuron+ all of the muscle cells it innervates

A

one motor unit

34
Q

neurons talk to muscle cells through

A

neuromuscular junctions

35
Q

steps for neuron to muscle cell communication

A
  1. AP reaches end of axon 2. voltage gates calcium channels open 3. calcium stimulates synaptic vesicle fusion with presynp membrane 4. ACH is released and binds to ligand gated channels on muscle 5. sodium enters muscle causing depolarization and contraction signal 6. muscle signal spreads through muscle cell via voltage gated channels
36
Q

steps for any other synapse

A
  1. AP reaches end of axon 2. voltage gates calcium channels open 3. calcium stimulates synaptic vesicle fusion with presynp membrane
37
Q

AP spreads deep within cell to each

A

myofibril

38
Q

t tubules

A

extensions of cell membrane that penetrate into the centre of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

39
Q

t tubules run close to what

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

modified endoplasmic reticulum that is designed for calcium storage

41
Q

how do AP run deep into multiple muscle cells

A
  1. AP leads to opening of voltage gated calcium channels 2. diffusion from sarcoplasmic reticuluminto cytoplasm 3. calcium binds to troponin which then exposes myosin binding sites by moving tropomyosin
42
Q

two things needed for contraction

A

ATP and calcium

43
Q

simplified list of muscle molecule movement

A

ca2+ binds troponin -> tropomyosin shifts -> exposes myosin binding sites

bio 2 (26 decks)

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