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bio 2 > lecture 8 > Flashcards

lecture 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are angiosperms

A

plants that have reproductive organs in flowers and seeds enclosed in fruits

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2
Q

angiosperms are the sister group of the

A

gymnosperms

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3
Q

what are the six main synapomorphies of angiosperms

A
  1. have flowers 2. xylem has vessel cells along with tracheid 3. they do double ferritization 4. germination of pollen on stigma 5. leaves with network of veins 6. have triploid endosperm (nutritive tissue)
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4
Q

what type of cell in the xylem evolved first

A

the tracheid’s evolved first and most vascular plants have these cells

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5
Q

what types of vascular plants ONLY have tracheids (no vessel cells)

A

ferns and gymnosperms

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6
Q

what are flowers

A

modified stems with flower parts being modified leaves

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7
Q

what do flowers and fruits do for the plants

A

they increase the reproductive success of angiosperms

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8
Q

what are petals

A

leaves towards the center: inner leaves in flower

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9
Q

what are a collection of petals called

A

corolla

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10
Q

what are sepals and petals together called

A

perianth

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11
Q

what are composites

A

flowers made up of flowers

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12
Q

what are sepals

A

occur below or outside of flower: outer leaves in flower

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13
Q

what are the collection of sepal called

A

calyx

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14
Q

what is an inflorescence

A

group of flowers

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15
Q

what is a carpel

A

modified leaf in which ovules and seeds are enclosed in

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16
Q

what is a pistil

A

one or more fused carpels containing the ovaries

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17
Q

what are stamens

A

they bear the male microsporangia (pollen)

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18
Q

where can you find the male microsporangia in a flower

A

in the anther

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19
Q

what is a stigma

A

sticky part that pollen sticks to

20
Q

what is the main hypothesis of how carpels evolved

A

fertile leaves rolled inwards enclosing the megasporangia inside the leaf

21
Q

what is the microgametophyte of seed plants

A

pollen/pollen grains that develop in anther

22
Q

what is pollination

A

movement of pollen from anther to stigma, requires germination of pollen cell on stigma

23
Q

how are pollen grains made

A

microsporangium creates 4 haploid cells under meiosis and each microspore under goes mitosis and forms 2-cell pollen grains (NO CYTOKINESIS OCCURS)

24
Q

what are the two cells in the pollen grain called

A

generative cell and tube cell

25
Q

what is a generative cell

A

divides by mitosis to form 2 sperm cells

26
Q

what is a tube cell

A

forms the pollen tube

27
Q

what is the symbiotic interaction of pollination

A

mutualism

28
Q

most angiosperms are pollinated by what and have what

A

they are pollinated by animals and they have coevolved

29
Q

what are some characteristics that seem to be associated with increased number of species

A
  1. reduced flower parts 2. differentiation of petals and sepals 3. change from radial to bilateral symmetry
30
Q

flower produces what for animals

A

nectar and pollen and specialized colors to attract them

31
Q

what are perfect flowers

A

have both megasporangia and microsporangia in same flower (hermaphroditic)

32
Q

what are imperfect flowers

A

have two flower type, male and/or female on each plant (unisex)

33
Q

imperfect flowers can be what two things

A

monoecious or dioecious

34
Q

what is the biggest issue for inbreeding of perfect flowers

A

it decreases heterozygosity by 1/2

35
Q

what are self-incompatibility plants

A

plants that reject pollen from same plant

36
Q

what is an example of flowers trying to stop inbreeding

A

heterostyly: promotes outcrossing, the styles have different lengths relative to the stamens

37
Q

when would inbreeding be helpful

A

if plant is rare or isolated, few or no mates

38
Q

what is bakers law

A

plants that are successful colonists are often self compatible

39
Q

what is a fruit

A

a mature ovary containing seeds

40
Q

when do fruits grow

A

they develop from the ovaries AFTER fertilization

41
Q

what part of the flower turns to fruit

A

carpels

42
Q

what part of the dandelion is a fruit

A

the aerial seeds

43
Q

do dandelions cause allergies and if so/not, why?

A

they do not because the seeds are fruits and they dont contain pollen

44
Q

what is a berry

A

simple fruit (fleshy and several seeds)

45
Q

what part of the strawberry is actually the fruit

A

the seeds on the outside

bio 2 (26 decks)

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