lecture 8

Question 1

what are angiosperms

Answer 1

plants that have reproductive organs in flowers and seeds enclosed in fruits

Question 2

angiosperms are the sister group of the

Answer 2

gymnosperms

Question 3

what are the six main synapomorphies of angiosperms

Answer 3

1. have flowers 2. xylem has vessel cells along with tracheid 3. they do double ferritization 4. germination of pollen on stigma 5. leaves with network of veins 6. have triploid endosperm (nutritive tissue)

Question 4

what type of cell in the xylem evolved first

Answer 4

the tracheid’s evolved first and most vascular plants have these cells

Question 5

what types of vascular plants ONLY have tracheids (no vessel cells)

Answer 5

ferns and gymnosperms

Question 6

what are flowers

Answer 6

modified stems with flower parts being modified leaves

Question 7

what do flowers and fruits do for the plants

Answer 7

they increase the reproductive success of angiosperms

Question 8

what are petals

Answer 8

leaves towards the center: inner leaves in flower

Question 9

what are a collection of petals called

Answer 9

corolla

Question 10

what are sepals and petals together called

Answer 10

perianth

Question 11

what are composites

Answer 11

flowers made up of flowers

Question 12

what are sepals

Answer 12

occur below or outside of flower: outer leaves in flower

Question 13

what are the collection of sepal called

Answer 13

calyx

Question 14

what is an inflorescence

Answer 14

group of flowers

Question 15

what is a carpel

Answer 15

modified leaf in which ovules and seeds are enclosed in

Question 16

what is a pistil

Answer 16

one or more fused carpels containing the ovaries

Question 17

what are stamens

Answer 17

they bear the male microsporangia (pollen)

Question 18

where can you find the male microsporangia in a flower

Answer 18

in the anther

Question 19

what is a stigma

Answer 19

sticky part that pollen sticks to

Question 20

what is the main hypothesis of how carpels evolved

Answer 20

fertile leaves rolled inwards enclosing the megasporangia inside the leaf

Question 21

what is the microgametophyte of seed plants

Answer 21

pollen/pollen grains that develop in anther

Question 22

what is pollination

Answer 22

movement of pollen from anther to stigma, requires germination of pollen cell on stigma

Question 23

how are pollen grains made

Answer 23

microsporangium creates 4 haploid cells under meiosis and each microspore under goes mitosis and forms 2-cell pollen grains (NO CYTOKINESIS OCCURS)

Question 24

what are the two cells in the pollen grain called

Answer 24

generative cell and tube cell

Question 25

what is a generative cell

Answer 25

divides by mitosis to form 2 sperm cells

Question 26

what is a tube cell

Answer 26

forms the pollen tube

Question 27

what is the symbiotic interaction of pollination

Answer 27

mutualism

Question 28

most angiosperms are pollinated by what and have what

Answer 28

they are pollinated by animals and they have coevolved

Question 29

what are some characteristics that seem to be associated with increased number of species

Answer 29

1. reduced flower parts 2. differentiation of petals and sepals 3. change from radial to bilateral symmetry

Question 30

flower produces what for animals

Answer 30

nectar and pollen and specialized colors to attract them

Question 31

what are perfect flowers

Answer 31

have both megasporangia and microsporangia in same flower (hermaphroditic)

Question 32

what are imperfect flowers

Answer 32

have two flower type, male and/or female on each plant (unisex)

Question 33

imperfect flowers can be what two things

Answer 33

monoecious or dioecious

Question 34

what is the biggest issue for inbreeding of perfect flowers

Answer 34

it decreases heterozygosity by 1/2

Question 35

what are self-incompatibility plants

Answer 35

plants that reject pollen from same plant

Question 36

what is an example of flowers trying to stop inbreeding

Answer 36

heterostyly: promotes outcrossing, the styles have different lengths relative to the stamens

Question 37

when would inbreeding be helpful

Answer 37

if plant is rare or isolated, few or no mates

Question 38

what is bakers law

Answer 38

plants that are successful colonists are often self compatible

Question 39

what is a fruit

Answer 39

a mature ovary containing seeds

Question 40

when do fruits grow

Answer 40

they develop from the ovaries AFTER fertilization

Question 41

what part of the flower turns to fruit

Answer 41

carpels

Question 42

what part of the dandelion is a fruit

Answer 42

the aerial seeds

Question 43

do dandelions cause allergies and if so/not, why?

Answer 43

they do not because the seeds are fruits and they dont contain pollen

Question 44

what is a berry

Answer 44

simple fruit (fleshy and several seeds)

Question 45

what part of the strawberry is actually the fruit

Answer 45

the seeds on the outside