lecture 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

where can gases diffuse easily

A

within the lungs and the tissues

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2
Q

why doesnt oxygen diffuse well in water

A

because it is a non polar molecule and water is polar

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3
Q

ectotherms have what type of metabolic rate

A

low metabolic rate, low 02 demand, and water is ok (cold blooded animals)

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4
Q

ectotherms have no

A

internal temp regulation

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5
Q

endotherms have what type of metabolic rate

A

high metabolic rate, high 02 demand, need air (warm blooded)

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6
Q

endotherms have

A

internal temp regulation

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7
Q

small animals like flatworms have digestive and neurons but no

A

respiratory system because all cells are within 0.5 distance

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8
Q

krogh’s rule

A

all cells must be within 0.5mm of 02 source

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9
Q

what is a limitation to having no respiratory system

A

they have to stay small because if they get big, the cells will no longer be within that 0.5 distance

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10
Q

large respiratory surfaces

A

surface for diffusion and gas exchange

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11
Q

what are the respiratory surfaces for water and air breathers

A

water: gills air: lungs

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12
Q

what do these large respiratory surfaces optimize 2 things

A

they optimize the fick equation by 1. increase surface area which allows more diffusion 2. decrease the distance so these surfaces are as thin as possible causes INCREASE DIFFUSION RATE AND FASTER DELIVERY RATE

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13
Q

fish have gills allowing what three things

A

high surface area, high ventilation, high perfusion

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14
Q

ventilation

A

water movement in one direction over the gills

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15
Q

perfusion

A

highly organized blood vessels allows gas exchange

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16
Q

blood that passes by the gills, leaves

A

oxygenated

17
Q

as blood and water are in contact, oxygen will diffuse from

A

high partial pressure to low partial pressure

18
Q

fish have what type of gas exchange

A

countercurrent gas exchange

19
Q

countercurrent gas exchange

A

water enters in the opposite direction that blood is flowing and causes the deoxygenated blood to face deoxygenated water but theres still enough partial pressure for the diffuse of oxygen to occur. as the water moves right, the partial pressure is getting smaller but still enough to move gases (most in animal kingdom)

20
Q

concurrent gas exchange

A

water enters at the same side as the blood, and o2 meets with the deoxygenated blood and this causes massive partial difference so lots of 02 moves into blood but as water moves in one direction, oxygen is given off and the difference gets smaller and smaller until it reaches equilibrium

21
Q

how do insect breathe

A

they have a series of branching air tubules in their bodies called tracheae that are not ventilated nor perfused, they branch until theyre 0.5 away from cells, air just diffuse

22
Q

for the way that insect breathe, they dont need

A

circulatory systems

23
Q

most air breathing vertebrate use

A

tidal ventilation

24
Q

tidal ventilation

A

active breathing , air flows in and out the same path (not unidirectional) and air mixes at respiratory surfaces

25
Q

what occurs to partial pressure when we inhale and exhale

A

when we inhale we have full partial pressure but as it reaches the respiratory surface to meet blood, it losses that full partial pressure (100->60)

26
Q

why is losing the full partial pressure not an issue for us

A

we have air readily accessible compared to fish who live in water

27
Q

alveoli

A

structures with high surface area with very thin epithilium where diffusion of oxygen occurs

28
Q

how do lungs and gills help increase gas diffusion

A

by increasing area and decreasing distance

29
Q

what type of gas exchange process do birds use

A

they use both countercurrent gas exchange and air breathing which includes unidirectional air flow, high perfusion, and can deal with low partial pressure NO TIDAL FLOW

30
Q

how do birds breathe

A
  1. air flows into the trachea then into the posterior air sac or the respiratory surface (the air that enters divides) 2. as air flows into the respiratory surface (parabronchi) blood flows the other direction (good partial pressure) 3. exhalation occurs from the posterior air sacs to trachea.
31
Q

birds have what same two things mammals do

A

shory diffusion distances and large surface areas

32
Q

small animals are able to diffuse gases

A

directly to cells and the environment

33
Q

bigger animals rely on

A

perfusion and ventilation

34
Q

most terrestrial animals use

A

tidal flow through lungs