lecture 11 Flashcards
what are the six traits of an animal?
- multicellular 2. heterotopic (consumes to make energy) 3. motility 4. eukaryotic 5. internal digestion 6. muscles and neuronal signaling
how did multicellularity occur? (four steps)
multiple flagellates make an aggregate, the unspecialized cells form a hollow sphere, specialized reproductive cells form, cells begin to fold in to make tissues
what are the advantages to multicellularity?
you become hyper specialized in doing a specific thing
what are the disadvantages to multicellularity?
because you are so specialized, you dont know how to do a lot of things, multicellularity causes DEPENENCY on other cells to do their jobs, non specialized cell can do everything at a mediocre level just to survive
evolution is about what two things
trade offs and tinkering
what is tinkering
evolution does not engineer the optimal condition, it tinkers or enhances with preexisting structures and pathways ex. wolf needs to run to catch food, evolution strengthens their leg muscles
what is a trade off
mechanisms are rarely optimal for ay single function, they are compromises between multiple competing functions. ex. banana slug needs to reproduce but can get their genitalia suck so female will eat it off, trade off for reproductive reasons but now no penis
what did the evolution of multicellularity create
extracellular fluid
what are the two compartments in an animal
intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
what did extracellular fluid evolve into
intravascular fluid (blood plasma) and interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding the cell)
what does ECF provide
a physical and chemical buffer for cells
what is plasma separated by
blood vessels
where is most of the bodys water located
inside cells
the human body is how much water by weight,
60%
how much water is located in cells and outside of cells
2/3 of water is in cells , 1/3 is outside cell
what are the 9 levels of organization
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
what are the two things that act as different barriers that regulate movement of water in and out
cell membrane and epithelium
cell membrane
transport into and out of the cell
epithelium
tissue forming outer layer of body’s surface and organs ; regulates transport into and out of tissues and organs
as organism become more complex, groups of cells specialize to form tissue, what are they (4)
- epithelia 2. muscle 3. nervous 4. connective
how many tissues an organ needs to be an organ
2
what does epithelia do
protect, absorb
what does connective tissue do
binding and support
what does muscle tissue do
movement
what does nervous tissue do
instruct
what is the highest level of compartmentation
organ system , the ultimate division of labor
what does respiratory system do
get 02 in and get co2 out
what does circulatory system do
carry stuff around
what does nervous system do
instruct, sends signal
what does digestive system do
break down food, moves food
all of these organ systems are
interdependent
what kind of system are animals
open systems
animals are
open, highly ordered, and dynamic systems
animals are open systems and that means we must follow what laws
we must follow the two laws of thermodynamics
what is the first law of thermodynamics
conservation of energy in closed systems (we arent closed bc we interact with the outside) energy is neither created or destroyed
what is the second law of thermodynamics
entropy, things will always lean towards disorder
how do we maintain order in our bodies
homeostasis
what is an example of the2nd law in animals
we have to eat constantly because some of it gets lost and it doesnt get lost evenly (second law), we have to put energy into our bodies to replace proteins and water to maintain high levels of orders that entropy doesnt like
how much is total protein and water is recycles and where does the rest go
3% of protein is recycled every day , 4% of water and the rest is lost through heat/work
