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lecture 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the six traits of an animal?

A
  1. multicellular 2. heterotopic (consumes to make energy) 3. motility 4. eukaryotic 5. internal digestion 6. muscles and neuronal signaling
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2
Q

how did multicellularity occur? (four steps)

A

multiple flagellates make an aggregate, the unspecialized cells form a hollow sphere, specialized reproductive cells form, cells begin to fold in to make tissues

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3
Q

what are the advantages to multicellularity?

A

you become hyper specialized in doing a specific thing

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4
Q

what are the disadvantages to multicellularity?

A

because you are so specialized, you dont know how to do a lot of things, multicellularity causes DEPENENCY on other cells to do their jobs, non specialized cell can do everything at a mediocre level just to survive

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5
Q

evolution is about what two things

A

trade offs and tinkering

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6
Q

what is tinkering

A

evolution does not engineer the optimal condition, it tinkers or enhances with preexisting structures and pathways ex. wolf needs to run to catch food, evolution strengthens their leg muscles

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7
Q

what is a trade off

A

mechanisms are rarely optimal for ay single function, they are compromises between multiple competing functions. ex. banana slug needs to reproduce but can get their genitalia suck so female will eat it off, trade off for reproductive reasons but now no penis

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8
Q

what did the evolution of multicellularity create

A

extracellular fluid

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9
Q

what are the two compartments in an animal

A

intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

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10
Q

what did extracellular fluid evolve into

A

intravascular fluid (blood plasma) and interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding the cell)

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11
Q

what does ECF provide

A

a physical and chemical buffer for cells

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12
Q

what is plasma separated by

A

blood vessels

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13
Q

where is most of the bodys water located

A

inside cells

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14
Q

the human body is how much water by weight,

A

60%

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15
Q

how much water is located in cells and outside of cells

A

2/3 of water is in cells , 1/3 is outside cell

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16
Q

what are the 9 levels of organization

A

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

17
Q

what are the two things that act as different barriers that regulate movement of water in and out

A

cell membrane and epithelium

18
Q

cell membrane

A

transport into and out of the cell

19
Q

epithelium

A

tissue forming outer layer of body’s surface and organs ; regulates transport into and out of tissues and organs

20
Q

as organism become more complex, groups of cells specialize to form tissue, what are they (4)

A
  1. epithelia 2. muscle 3. nervous 4. connective
21
Q

how many tissues an organ needs to be an organ

A

2

22
Q

what does epithelia do

A

protect, absorb

23
Q

what does connective tissue do

A

binding and support

24
Q

what does muscle tissue do

A

movement

25
Q

what does nervous tissue do

A

instruct

26
Q

what is the highest level of compartmentation

A

organ system , the ultimate division of labor

27
Q

what does respiratory system do

A

get 02 in and get co2 out

28
Q

what does circulatory system do

A

carry stuff around

29
Q

what does nervous system do

A

instruct, sends signal

30
Q

what does digestive system do

A

break down food, moves food

31
Q

all of these organ systems are

A

interdependent

32
Q

what kind of system are animals

A

open systems

33
Q

animals are

A

open, highly ordered, and dynamic systems

34
Q

animals are open systems and that means we must follow what laws

A

we must follow the two laws of thermodynamics

35
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics

A

conservation of energy in closed systems (we arent closed bc we interact with the outside) energy is neither created or destroyed

36
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics

A

entropy, things will always lean towards disorder

37
Q

how do we maintain order in our bodies

A

homeostasis

38
Q

what is an example of the2nd law in animals

A

we have to eat constantly because some of it gets lost and it doesnt get lost evenly (second law), we have to put energy into our bodies to replace proteins and water to maintain high levels of orders that entropy doesnt like

39
Q

how much is total protein and water is recycles and where does the rest go

A

3% of protein is recycled every day , 4% of water and the rest is lost through heat/work

bio 2 (26 decks)

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