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lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is primary endosymbiosis

A

eukaryote engulfs another living prokaryote

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2
Q

how did current plant and animal cells get their mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

through primary endosymbiosis, cyanobacteria was engulfed

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3
Q

what is evidence that a cyanobacteria was engulfed

A

the chloroplasts double membrane

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4
Q

the primary endosymbiosis gave rise to what

A

red algae, green algae, and land plants

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5
Q

what did engulfed cyanobacteria help do

A

to produce food

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6
Q

what is secondary endosymbiosis

A

a separate endosymbiotic event in which they engulfed/domesticated single celled eukaryotes

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7
Q

what is an example of a species that went through 2n and 3rd endosymbiosis

A

dinoflagellates

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8
Q

what are plants

A

photosynthetic eukaryotes with a chloroplast that have two outer membranes resulting from primary endosymbiosis

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9
Q

what are plantae

A

the CLADE of eukaryotic life with chloroplasts derived from primary endosymbiosis

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10
Q

what came from the early spilts in the plantae tree

A

aquatic lineages like algae

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11
Q

what is a primary plastid group

A

organisms that have organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane (glaucophytes, red and green algae)

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12
Q

what are the species involved in the primary plastid group

A
  1. red algae 2. charophycean green algae 3. land plants 4. glaucophytes
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13
Q

what are the characteristic of red algae

A
  1. they can be single celled or multicellular 2. they have cellulose walls 3. they only have chlorophyll A
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14
Q

what type of chlorophyll do red algae use

A

chlorophyll A

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15
Q

what type of chlorophyll do cyanobacteria use

A

chlorophyll A

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16
Q

what are the synapomorphies of green plants

A
  1. eukaryotes with chloroplasts due to primary endo 2. chloroplasts with chlorophyll A and B 3. store carbs are starch**
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17
Q

what type of chlorophyll do land plants use

A

chlorophyll A and B

18
Q

what do land plants and green algae have in common

A

they both green plants

19
Q

what is a streptophyte

A

they have phragmoplasts, can be land plants and some algae like organisms

20
Q

what is a phragmoplast

A

daughter nuclei are far apart and have persistent spindle fibers

21
Q

what is a chloroplyte

A

they have phycoplasts, and are most green algaes

22
Q

what is a synapomorphy for streptophyte algae and plants

A

they have a phragmoplast

23
Q

what is a phycoplast

A

daughter nuclei are close together and have close tight parallel fibers

24
Q

what is oogamy

A

fusion of large immotile female gamete and small motile male gametes

25
Q

what species do oogamy

A

some algae and chara and coleocheate and some land plants

26
Q

what is isogamy

A

fusion of gametes of similar size

27
Q

what is a plasmodesmata

A

channels that penetrate the cell walls of adjacent cells that help with transporting nutrients and communication

28
Q

what is a parnchyma

A

basic tissue type in the streptophytes with cells linked by plasmodesmata

29
Q

not all streptophytes exhibit oogamy, plasmodemata, etc because they are blank and example

A

they are filamentous and sheet like example spirogyra

30
Q

what were the four key adaptations to colonize land

A
  1. adapt to dry high light conditions 2. develop transport systems for water and nutrients 3. develop structural support 4. find new ways to disperse gametes
31
Q

what is a cuticle

A

a waxy coating that slows water loss from evaporation

32
Q

what is a stomata

A

closable openings that regulate gas exchange (most lineages) (airholes)

33
Q

what are pigments

A

protection against UV radiation

34
Q

what are spores

A

unicellular or small units with genetic material

35
Q

what is sporopollein

A

what spores have in their thick walls that helps them not deteriorate and dry up

36
Q

stomatas are opened by

A

guard cells

37
Q

cuticle is made by what cells

A

epidermis cells

38
Q

what is mycorrhizae

A

mutual symbiotic association between plants and fungi inside plant roots to give nutrients

39
Q

what is ecotomycorrhizal fungi (EM)

A

wrap themselves around a plant increasing surface area for water and mineral absorption

40
Q

what is vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VA) fungi

A

they grow into the root cells (into the plant cell) and exchange water and nutrients (ex. mold)

bio 2 (26 decks)

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