lecture 2 Flashcards
what is primary endosymbiosis
eukaryote engulfs another living prokaryote
how did current plant and animal cells get their mitochondria and chloroplasts
through primary endosymbiosis, cyanobacteria was engulfed
what is evidence that a cyanobacteria was engulfed
the chloroplasts double membrane
the primary endosymbiosis gave rise to what
red algae, green algae, and land plants
what did engulfed cyanobacteria help do
to produce food
what is secondary endosymbiosis
a separate endosymbiotic event in which they engulfed/domesticated single celled eukaryotes
what is an example of a species that went through 2n and 3rd endosymbiosis
dinoflagellates
what are plants
photosynthetic eukaryotes with a chloroplast that have two outer membranes resulting from primary endosymbiosis
what are plantae
the CLADE of eukaryotic life with chloroplasts derived from primary endosymbiosis
what came from the early spilts in the plantae tree
aquatic lineages like algae
what is a primary plastid group
organisms that have organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane (glaucophytes, red and green algae)
what are the species involved in the primary plastid group
- red algae 2. charophycean green algae 3. land plants 4. glaucophytes
what are the characteristic of red algae
- they can be single celled or multicellular 2. they have cellulose walls 3. they only have chlorophyll A
what type of chlorophyll do red algae use
chlorophyll A
what type of chlorophyll do cyanobacteria use
chlorophyll A
what are the synapomorphies of green plants
- eukaryotes with chloroplasts due to primary endo 2. chloroplasts with chlorophyll A and B 3. store carbs are starch**
what type of chlorophyll do land plants use
chlorophyll A and B
what do land plants and green algae have in common
they both green plants
what is a streptophyte
they have phragmoplasts, can be land plants and some algae like organisms
what is a phragmoplast
daughter nuclei are far apart and have persistent spindle fibers
what is a chloroplyte
they have phycoplasts, and are most green algaes
what is a synapomorphy for streptophyte algae and plants
they have a phragmoplast
what is a phycoplast
daughter nuclei are close together and have close tight parallel fibers
what is oogamy
fusion of large immotile female gamete and small motile male gametes
what species do oogamy
some algae and chara and coleocheate and some land plants
what is isogamy
fusion of gametes of similar size
what is a plasmodesmata
channels that penetrate the cell walls of adjacent cells that help with transporting nutrients and communication
what is a parnchyma
basic tissue type in the streptophytes with cells linked by plasmodesmata
not all streptophytes exhibit oogamy, plasmodemata, etc because they are blank and example
they are filamentous and sheet like example spirogyra
what were the four key adaptations to colonize land
- adapt to dry high light conditions 2. develop transport systems for water and nutrients 3. develop structural support 4. find new ways to disperse gametes
what is a cuticle
a waxy coating that slows water loss from evaporation
what is a stomata
closable openings that regulate gas exchange (most lineages) (airholes)
what are pigments
protection against UV radiation
what are spores
unicellular or small units with genetic material
what is sporopollein
what spores have in their thick walls that helps them not deteriorate and dry up
stomatas are opened by
guard cells
cuticle is made by what cells
epidermis cells
what is mycorrhizae
mutual symbiotic association between plants and fungi inside plant roots to give nutrients
what is ecotomycorrhizal fungi (EM)
wrap themselves around a plant increasing surface area for water and mineral absorption
what is vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VA) fungi
they grow into the root cells (into the plant cell) and exchange water and nutrients (ex. mold)
