lecture 2

Question 1

what is primary endosymbiosis

Answer 1

eukaryote engulfs another living prokaryote

Question 2

how did current plant and animal cells get their mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 2

through primary endosymbiosis, cyanobacteria was engulfed

Question 3

what is evidence that a cyanobacteria was engulfed

Answer 3

the chloroplasts double membrane

Question 4

the primary endosymbiosis gave rise to what

Answer 4

red algae, green algae, and land plants

Question 5

what did engulfed cyanobacteria help do

Answer 5

to produce food

Question 6

what is secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 6

a separate endosymbiotic event in which they engulfed/domesticated single celled eukaryotes

Question 7

what is an example of a species that went through 2n and 3rd endosymbiosis

Answer 7

dinoflagellates

Question 8

what are plants

Answer 8

photosynthetic eukaryotes with a chloroplast that have two outer membranes resulting from primary endosymbiosis

Question 9

what are plantae

Answer 9

the CLADE of eukaryotic life with chloroplasts derived from primary endosymbiosis

Question 10

what came from the early spilts in the plantae tree

Answer 10

aquatic lineages like algae

Question 11

what is a primary plastid group

Answer 11

organisms that have organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane (glaucophytes, red and green algae)

Question 12

what are the species involved in the primary plastid group

Answer 12

1. red algae 2. charophycean green algae 3. land plants 4. glaucophytes

Question 13

what are the characteristic of red algae

Answer 13

1. they can be single celled or multicellular 2. they have cellulose walls 3. they only have chlorophyll A

Question 14

what type of chlorophyll do red algae use

Answer 14

chlorophyll A

Question 15

what type of chlorophyll do cyanobacteria use

Answer 15

chlorophyll A

Question 16

what are the synapomorphies of green plants

Answer 16

1. eukaryotes with chloroplasts due to primary endo 2. chloroplasts with chlorophyll A and B 3. store carbs are starch**

Question 17

what type of chlorophyll do land plants use

Answer 17

chlorophyll A and B

Question 18

what do land plants and green algae have in common

Answer 18

they both green plants

Question 19

what is a streptophyte

Answer 19

they have phragmoplasts, can be land plants and some algae like organisms

Question 20

what is a phragmoplast

Answer 20

daughter nuclei are far apart and have persistent spindle fibers

Question 21

what is a chloroplyte

Answer 21

they have phycoplasts, and are most green algaes

Question 22

what is a synapomorphy for streptophyte algae and plants

Answer 22

they have a phragmoplast

Question 23

what is a phycoplast

Answer 23

daughter nuclei are close together and have close tight parallel fibers

Question 24

what is oogamy

Answer 24

fusion of large immotile female gamete and small motile male gametes

Question 25

what species do oogamy

Answer 25

some algae and chara and coleocheate and some land plants

Question 26

what is isogamy

Answer 26

fusion of gametes of similar size

Question 27

what is a plasmodesmata

Answer 27

channels that penetrate the cell walls of adjacent cells that help with transporting nutrients and communication

Question 28

what is a parnchyma

Answer 28

basic tissue type in the streptophytes with cells linked by plasmodesmata

Question 29

not all streptophytes exhibit oogamy, plasmodemata, etc because they are blank and example

Answer 29

they are filamentous and sheet like example spirogyra

Question 30

what were the four key adaptations to colonize land

Answer 30

1. adapt to dry high light conditions 2. develop transport systems for water and nutrients 3. develop structural support 4. find new ways to disperse gametes

Question 31

what is a cuticle

Answer 31

a waxy coating that slows water loss from evaporation

Question 32

what is a stomata

Answer 32

closable openings that regulate gas exchange (most lineages) (airholes)

Question 33

what are pigments

Answer 33

protection against UV radiation

Question 34

what are spores

Answer 34

unicellular or small units with genetic material

Question 35

what is sporopollein

Answer 35

what spores have in their thick walls that helps them not deteriorate and dry up

Question 36

stomatas are opened by

Answer 36

guard cells

Question 37

cuticle is made by what cells

Answer 37

epidermis cells

Question 38

what is mycorrhizae

Answer 38

mutual symbiotic association between plants and fungi inside plant roots to give nutrients

Question 39

what is ecotomycorrhizal fungi (EM)

Answer 39

wrap themselves around a plant increasing surface area for water and mineral absorption

Question 40

what is vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VA) fungi

Answer 40

they grow into the root cells (into the plant cell) and exchange water and nutrients (ex. mold)