lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

how do neurons connect with other cells and make complex networks

A

through synapses

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2
Q

neurons can connect through what two things

A

electrical or chemical synapses

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3
Q

electrical

A

fast but limited communication (rare)

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4
Q

chemical

A

slower but diverse responses in post synaptic neuron

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5
Q

what do electrical AP cause

A

cause ions to travel through gap junction channels to another cell (neurons touching)

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6
Q

what do chemical AP cause

A

causes opening of CALCIUM channels that release NT (spaces between cells)

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7
Q

how do neurotransmitters (chemical signals) work

A

they bind to a receptor (ligand gated) channels in the post synaptic membrane and change ion diffusion and therefore local membrane potential

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8
Q

almost all cells have uneven distribution of ions which are (chemical gradient)

A

potassium and sodium

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9
Q

outside of cell is

A

positively charged sodium

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10
Q

inside of cell is

A

negatively charged potassium

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11
Q

synapses cause post synaptic potentials that are

A

graded, small, and decay with distance

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12
Q

if sodium enters a cell, the cells can use this to

A

start an AP

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13
Q

postsynaptic potential

A

change charge

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14
Q

cell body have what channels

A

ligand gated

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15
Q

axons have what channels

A

voltage gated

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16
Q

what is a summation

A

multiple synapses add together in time or over space influence threshold at the axon hillock

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17
Q

what can a summation to do a cell

A

mechanism of eliciting an AP in a neuron with input from multiple pre synaptic cells

18
Q

more ancient/simple nervous systems are

A

diffuse focuses on reaction (sea anemone, seastar)

19
Q

what does it mean a diffuse focused nervous system

A

sea anenome and sea stars have radial symmetry and diffuse nervous system based on nerve nets, NO CNS (all neurons talk to each other)

20
Q

what is an advantage to this simple nervous system

A

if a predetor eats part of the animal, it can regenerate and existing cells connect with the new ones so its easier to replace

21
Q

what is a limitation to these simple nervous systems

A

no complex tasks can be done

22
Q

animals have evolved to become more

A

centralized causing cephalized nervous systems

23
Q

cephalization

A

evolutionary trend in which the mouth, sense organs, and nerve ganglia become concentrated at the front end of an animal creating a head region

24
Q

the areas responsible for integrating information cluster to make a

25
why is it important for the CNS to be located in the brain
the head is first when entering a new environment
26
vertebrate nervous systems can be divided into
central and peripheral nervous systems
27
central NS
receives info and tells body parts what to do BRAIN SPINAL CORD
28
peripheral NS
all process and cell bodies of SENSORY and MOTOR neurons that occur outside of CNS
29
spinal cord
contact between brain and PNS ex. where reflex processing occurs
30
afferent
receives info from environment (external/internal) and send to CNS (sensory, input) skin to brain
31
efferent
receives instructions from CNS and sends effector cells ex. muscles (output) brain to muscle
32
what PNS breaks down into
autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
33
ANS
involuntary/automatic regulation, cardiac muscle, etc
34
SNS
controls voluntary skeletal muscle contractions
35
with the ANS, how can the spinal cord be its own integration system
with reflexes, a reflex arch starts with somatic sensors, travels via afferent neurons to CNS and then control skeletal muscles via somatic efferent neurons (this is unconscious) doesnt go to brain
36
glands internal organs smooth muscle and the heart are controlled by
ANS
37
what does ANS break down into
sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS
38
sympathetic NS
flight or fight, more energy/blood flow directed to areas to get away
39
parasympathetic NS
rest and digest, opposes sympathetic
40
sympathetic NS uses what NT
NE
41
parasympathetic NS uses what NT
AcH
42
somatic NS uses what NT
AcH