lecture 15

Question 1

how do neurons connect with other cells and make complex networks

Answer 1

through synapses

Question 2

neurons can connect through what two things

Answer 2

electrical or chemical synapses

Question 3

electrical

Answer 3

fast but limited communication (rare)

Question 4

chemical

Answer 4

slower but diverse responses in post synaptic neuron

Question 5

what do electrical AP cause

Answer 5

cause ions to travel through gap junction channels to another cell (neurons touching)

Question 6

what do chemical AP cause

Answer 6

causes opening of CALCIUM channels that release NT (spaces between cells)

Question 7

how do neurotransmitters (chemical signals) work

Answer 7

they bind to a receptor (ligand gated) channels in the post synaptic membrane and change ion diffusion and therefore local membrane potential

Question 8

almost all cells have uneven distribution of ions which are (chemical gradient)

Answer 8

potassium and sodium

Question 9

outside of cell is

Answer 9

positively charged sodium

Question 10

inside of cell is

Answer 10

negatively charged potassium

Question 11

synapses cause post synaptic potentials that are

Answer 11

graded, small, and decay with distance

Question 12

if sodium enters a cell, the cells can use this to

Answer 12

start an AP

Question 13

postsynaptic potential

Answer 13

change charge

Question 14

cell body have what channels

Answer 14

ligand gated

Question 15

axons have what channels

Answer 15

voltage gated

Question 16

what is a summation

Answer 16

multiple synapses add together in time or over space influence threshold at the axon hillock

Question 17

what can a summation to do a cell

Answer 17

mechanism of eliciting an AP in a neuron with input from multiple pre synaptic cells

Question 18

more ancient/simple nervous systems are

Answer 18

diffuse focuses on reaction (sea anemone, seastar)

Question 19

what does it mean a diffuse focused nervous system

Answer 19

sea anenome and sea stars have radial symmetry and diffuse nervous system based on nerve nets, NO CNS (all neurons talk to each other)

Question 20

what is an advantage to this simple nervous system

Answer 20

if a predetor eats part of the animal, it can regenerate and existing cells connect with the new ones so its easier to replace

Question 21

what is a limitation to these simple nervous systems

Answer 21

no complex tasks can be done

Question 22

animals have evolved to become more

Answer 22

centralized causing cephalized nervous systems

Question 23

cephalization

Answer 23

evolutionary trend in which the mouth, sense organs, and nerve ganglia become concentrated at the front end of an animal creating a head region

Question 24

the areas responsible for integrating information cluster to make a

Answer 24

CNS

Question 25

why is it important for the CNS to be located in the brain

Answer 25

the head is first when entering a new environment

Question 26

vertebrate nervous systems can be divided into

Answer 26

central and peripheral nervous systems

Question 27

central NS

Answer 27

receives info and tells body parts what to do BRAIN SPINAL CORD

Question 28

peripheral NS

Answer 28

all process and cell bodies of SENSORY and MOTOR neurons that occur outside of CNS

Question 29

spinal cord

Answer 29

contact between brain and PNS ex. where reflex processing occurs

Question 30

afferent

Answer 30

receives info from environment (external/internal) and send to CNS (sensory, input) skin to brain

Question 31

efferent

Answer 31

receives instructions from CNS and sends effector cells ex. muscles (output) brain to muscle

Question 32

what PNS breaks down into

Answer 32

autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

Question 33

ANS

Answer 33

involuntary/automatic regulation, cardiac muscle, etc

Question 34

SNS

Answer 34

controls voluntary skeletal muscle contractions

Question 35

with the ANS, how can the spinal cord be its own integration system

Answer 35

with reflexes, a reflex arch starts with somatic sensors, travels via afferent neurons to CNS and then control skeletal muscles via somatic efferent neurons (this is unconscious) doesnt go to brain

Question 36

glands internal organs smooth muscle and the heart are controlled by

Answer 36

ANS

Question 37

what does ANS break down into

Answer 37

sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS

Question 38

sympathetic NS

Answer 38

flight or fight, more energy/blood flow directed to areas to get away

Question 39

parasympathetic NS

Answer 39

rest and digest, opposes sympathetic

Question 40

sympathetic NS uses what NT

Answer 40

NE

Question 41

parasympathetic NS uses what NT

Answer 41

AcH

Question 42

somatic NS uses what NT

Answer 42

AcH