activities part 1

Question 1

what is homeostasis

Answer 1

the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems

Question 2

negative feedback

Answer 2

it negates an initial change, if theres a change away from a set point, that change is negated returning the organism to the set point

Question 3

example of negative feedback

Answer 3

blood sugar, if blood sugar gets too high, pancreas will release insulin which lowers sugar so that it goes back to set point, the change was negated

Question 4

positive feedback

Answer 4

more rare, it amplifies an initial change

Question 5

example of positive feedback

Answer 5

milk ejection reflex, initial condition is that no milk is released, when baby sucks, receptors release oxytocin to cause more milk to flow

Question 6

what does the respiratory of birds have

Answer 6

lungs and air sacs

Question 7

what is responsible for gas exchange in bird

Answer 7

lungs

Question 8

what do the birds air sacs do

Answer 8

they allow air to flow unidirectionally

Question 9

the bird sacs has both

Answer 9

anterior and posterior air sacs

Question 10

what occurs during inhalation

Answer 10

the air sacs expand draw air from the environment into the posterior air sac. the air in the lungs are drawn into the anterior air sacs.

Question 11

what occurs during exhalation

Answer 11

the air sacs compress pushing the air from the posterior air sac into the lungs and the air in the anterior sacs out through the trachea

Question 12

what occurs after a second full breath

Answer 12

air in the respiratory system completes the cycle, it leaves the lungs passes through the anterior air sacs an exits the body

Question 13

how does the respiratory system of bird differ from mammals

Answer 13

mammals have a bi directional air flow.

Question 14

how is the respiratory system of bird advantageous

Answer 14

the unidirectional system is so efficient birds can sustain activity at high altitudes

Question 15

unidirectional flow optimizes what

Answer 15

pressure difference

Question 16

what kind of air is located in the anterior air sacs

Answer 16

deoxygenated

Question 17

artery

Answer 17

moves blood away from the heart (oxygenated blood)

Question 18

the artery has what structures

Answer 18

endothelium, connective tissue, smooth muscle, and elastic tissue

Question 19

endothelium

Answer 19

inner lining of blood vessels and is continuous with endothelium of heart

Question 20

connective tissue

Answer 20

fibrous connective tissue helps prevent tearing of the blood vessel walls

Question 21

arteries hold what kind of pressure

Answer 21

high pressure

Question 22

smooth muscle

Answer 22

makes arteries and arterioles have variable diameter of vessels, when diameter changes, blood flow changes

Question 23

elastic tissue

Answer 23

allow arteries to withstand high pressures

Question 24

veins

Answer 24

take deoxygenated blood back to heart, has low blood pressure

Question 25

veins have what structures

Answer 25

smooth muscle, connective tissue, valves, endothelium

Question 26

veins do not have

Answer 26

elastic tissue

Question 27

what are the components of circulatory system

Answer 27

fluid, pump, and conduits

Question 28

valves

Answer 28

some veins have valves to stop backflow of blood

Question 29

homeostasis

Answer 29

stability of the internal environment of an individual such as constant body temp and the physiological or behavioral feedback responses that maintain that stability

Question 30

thermoregulation

Answer 30

animals that maintain a constant internal body temp

Question 31

what does the body do when external temp goes over or under the thermoneutral zone

Answer 31

the metabolic rate increases to try and get the body back to set point

Question 32

ectotherm

Answer 32

animals that permit their body temp to match external temp (frogs, crayfish etc)

Question 33

what kind of metabolic rate do ectotherms have? endotherms?

Answer 33

ecto: low metabolic rate/low oxygen demand endo: high metabolic rate/high oxygen demand

Question 34

ectotherms exhibit what kind of behavior

Answer 34

behavioral thermoregulation so if it gets too hot, they go into the shade

Question 35

what is a control system

Answer 35

organs or cells that can sense when conditions deviate from the norm and can initiate physiological mechanisms in response

Question 36

what are the four essential elements of a control system

Answer 36

1. controlled variable 2. sensors 3. effectors 4. control mechanisms

Question 37

controlled variable

Answer 37

the characteristic of an animal that is being controlled (ex. temp)

Question 38

sensors

Answer 38

they detect the current level of the controlled variable (ex. skin or brain)

Question 39

effectors

Answer 39

tissues or organs that can alter the level of the controlled variable (ex. shivering muscles)

Question 40

control mechanism

Answer 40

used the info from the sensors to determine which effector to activate and how intense

Question 41

what kind of feedback is temp

Answer 41

negative

Question 42

insects have what kind of circulatory system

Answer 42

they have tracheal branching where 02 is brought to every cell in the body by a branch of the breathing system, NOT blood circulation

Question 43

since insects have a very simple respiratory system, what does that mean about their metabolic rate

Answer 43

low performance so low metabolic rate

Question 44

closed circulatory system

Answer 44

where the circulatory fluid is contained within a continuous system of vessels

Question 45

open circulatory system

Answer 45

where the blood leaves blood vessels and travels through spaces bounded by ordinary tissue cells as it flows through the body

Question 46

what is an effect of mammals and birds high metabolic rate mean about their circulatory system

Answer 46

they need a system more complex that will deliver 02 faster

Question 47

arteries

Answer 47

moves oxygenated blood away from heart, high pressure

Question 48

veins

Answer 48

moves deoxygenated blood towards the heart, low pressure

Question 49

vasodilation

Answer 49

lumen (hole) of arteriole is large in diameter and blood flows fast

Question 50

vasoconstriction

Answer 50

the arteriole diameter gets smaller causing less blood to travel

Question 51

what is a key feature of a open circulatory system

Answer 51

there is no distinction between blood (fluid pumped by the heart) and the interstitial fluid (fluid in between cells)

Question 52

what is blood and interstitial fluid mixed called

Answer 52

hemolymph

Question 53

respiratory pigment

Answer 53

proteins that are present in the blood and that greatly increase the amount of 02

Question 54

what is the respiratory pigment of humans

Answer 54

hemoglobin