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lecture 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what part of the plant absorbs the most water

A

the root hairs

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2
Q

what is the area of growth for the root

A

the root tip

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3
Q

what are the two ways water moves throughout the plant

A

apoplast and symplast

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4
Q

what is apoplast water movement (3 important things)

A

water travels through the CELLULOSE filled cell walls and intercellular spaces, h2o never cross a membrane, plant has no say over water movement in this pathway

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5
Q

what is symplast water movement (three important things)

A

continuous water movement though the cytoplasm of cells CONNECTED by the plasmodesmata, plasma membrane controls movement (osmosis), plants have a say on what they want inside (REQUIRES ENERGY)

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6
Q

what stops apoplast water movement

A

casparian strip

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7
Q

what is the casparian strip

A

water impermeable (wax) sealing space in between cells and doesnt let water travel through cell walls

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8
Q

what is the vascular tissue of a plant

A

xylem and phloem

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9
Q

what is transpiration

A

movement of water vapor out of the leaf and into the atmosphere through the stomata

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10
Q

what is evaporation

A

movement of water vapor from the cell walls of spongy mesophyll cells into the intercellular space

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11
Q

is the movement of water vapor active or passive

A

passive

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12
Q

what creates negative pressure in the leaf

A

when transpiration occurs, it deepens the meniscus of water in the leaf

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13
Q

how does tension occur

A

created when transpiration pulls h20 molecules to fill the gap in the xylem drawing h20 upward

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14
Q

what is cohesion

A

water sticking together

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15
Q

what is adhesion

A

water sticking to other things

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16
Q

what is the apical meristem

A

the location in which a plant grows , it grows at the top and it gets longer from the tips of the stems and the roots

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17
Q

what are the three systems of a vascular plant

A

dermal, ground, vascular tissue

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18
Q

in what plants are stomata found

A

mosses, hornworts, and vascular plants

19
Q

what happens when stomatas are opened

A

co2 is free to enter, o2 is free to leave, h2o evaporates an leaves the leaf tissue

20
Q

what happens when stomatas are closed

A

co2 can be depleted by photosynthesis , o2 can be accumulated and that inhibits photosynthesis, and h2o gets trapped in leaf

21
Q

how do stomata work in seed free, mosses, and some vascular plants

A

stomata opens when cells are turgid (full of water) and close when flaccid. when central vacuole is filled the cell has turgor pressure making it firm.

22
Q

how do stomata work in seed plants

A

a proton pump responds to light to change osmosis pressure potential of guard cells so that they swell and open (uses energy)

23
Q

what do stomata do during the day

A

stomata opens to allow co2 to enter

24
Q

what do stomata do during the night

A

stomata closes to conserve h2o

25
Q

where does stomata control water transport

A

through the xylem

26
Q

how do tall trees water their leaves

A

this process is controlled by evaporation and doesnt need energy, increased evaporation increases force and rate of h20 so water movement happens more on hot dry windy days

27
Q

when does evaporation ever stop

A

when theres no h2o in soil

28
Q

when does evaporation and transpiration occur mostly

A

on hot dry windy days rather than cool rainy days

29
Q

spermatophytes are

A

seed plants

30
Q

what is secondary growth

A

cell division that causes stems and roots to thicken

31
Q

what is primary growth

A

cell division that occurs at the tips of stems and roots

32
Q

what is wood

A

secondary xylem

33
Q

how is wood created

A

by secondary growth

34
Q

what two things are wood and bark derived from

A

2 lateral meristems

35
Q

what are the two lateral meristems

A

vascular cambium and cork cambium

36
Q

vascular cambium

A

produces secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem (inner bark)

37
Q

cork cambium

A

produces waxy walled protective cells , some die and become outer bark

38
Q

as you go to the center of the tree, what do you find

A

the older parts of the tree

39
Q

what does the vascular cambium do as the tree grows

A

the VC stops being in clusters of cells and becomes a cylinder making secondary xylem and secondary phloem expanding the diameter of the tree

40
Q

what does the cork cambium do

A

makes the cork cells that end up being bark

41
Q

what happens to the secondary xylem after a season has passed

A

the VC makes another secondary xylem by pushing it self outwards and the old secondary xylem becomes a ring inside of the tree

42
Q

what does the secondary xylem do

A

cannot carry water but allows support so that primary growth can occur

43
Q

what does the secondary phloem do

A

it has the live cells crush up against the cork cambium until it dies because only one secondary phloem can exist as the same time

44
Q

what is the difference between secondary xylem and secondary phloem

A

secondary xylem accumulates year after year while the secondary phloem gets crushed and dies

bio 2 (26 decks)

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