Lecture 7: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ANATOMY - PART 2

Question 1

What is the function of capillaries?

Answer 1

Site of exchange between blood and tissues

Question 2

What does the function of capillaries require?

Answer 2

Very thin walls, large total cross sectional area of capillary bed and slow and smooth blood flow

Question 3

How does the total area of capillaries compare to arterioles?

Answer 3

Much larger which means much slower blood flow

Question 4

What is found in a capillary?

Answer 4

Layer of endothelial cells, nucleus, red blood cells and intercellular (tight) junction

Question 5

What is the size of a red blood cell?

Answer 5

8-10 micrometres

Question 6

What is found in a capillary bed?

Answer 6

Terminal arteriole, precapillary sphincters, vascular shunt and post capillary venule

Question 7

What is the terminal arteriole?

Answer 7

The end of the supply netwokk

Question 8

What is included in the vascular shunt?

Answer 8

Metarteriole and thoroughfare channel

Question 9

What is the post capillary venule?

Answer 9

Start of the drainage network

Question 10

What are precapillary sphincters composed of?

Answer 10

Smooth muscle cells under involuntary control

Question 11

What are precapillary sphincters able to do?

Answer 11

Constrict and prevent blood flowing into the capillary bed

Question 12

What does the vascular shunt do?

Answer 12

Pushes blood straight from the supply to drainage without passing through the exchange network

Question 13

What are the 3 types capillaries?

Answer 13

Continuous, fenestrated and sinusoidal

Question 14

What are continuous capillaries?

Answer 14

Most widespread

Question 15

What are fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 15

Leaky

Question 16

What are sinusoidal capillaries?

Answer 16

Very leaky

Question 17

What is the diameter of continuous capillaries?

Answer 17

8-10 micrometres (single file flow of RBC)

Question 18

What is the most common form of capillary?

Answer 18

Continuous capillaries

Question 19

What do continuous capillaries also have?

Answer 19

A surrounding basement layer of extracellular tissue produced by the endothelial cells which the substances must also pass through

Question 20

what is the diameter of fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 20

8-10 micrometers (single file flow of RBC)

Question 21

What do fenestrated capillaries have?

Answer 21

Porous openings called fenestrations

Question 22

What is an example of fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 22

Glomerulus in the kidneys which filter the blood

Question 23

What is the diameter of sinusoidal capillaries?

Answer 23

30-40 micrometres (multiple RBC flow)

Question 24

What does the larger diameter of sinusoidal capillaries mean?

Answer 24

They are more likely to be involved in transport of nutrients and toxins rather than gases as RBC are further from the capillary wall

Question 25

What are the size of the openings in sinusoidal capillaries?

Answer 25

Larger than fenestrations

Question 26

How is the basement membrane in sinusoidal capillaries?

Answer 26

Incomplete

Question 27

What is an example of sinusoidal capillaries?

Answer 27

Liver sinusoids

Question 28

What are the methods of transport through capillaries?

Answer 28

Diffusion through membrane, movement through intercellular clefts, movement through fenestrations and transport via vesicles of caveolae

Question 29

What substances diffuse through the membrane?

Answer 29

Lipid soluble substances

Question 30

What substances move through intercellular clefts?

Answer 30

Water soluble substances

Question 31

What substances move through fenestrations?

Answer 31

Water soluble substances

Question 32

What substances move via vesicles or caveolae?

Answer 32

Large substances

Question 33

How do substances move through continuous capillaries?

Answer 33

Diffusion through membrane, movement through intercellular clefts and transport via vesicles of caveolae

Question 34

How do substances move through fenestrated and sinusoidal capillaries?

Answer 34

Diffusion through membrane, movement through intercellular clefts, movement through fenestrations and transport via vesicles of caveolae

Question 35

What capillary doesn't require transport through the basement membrane?

Answer 35

Sinusoidal

Question 36

What is the lymph vascular system?

Answer 36

An open entry (drainage) system

Question 37

What are the functions of the lymph vascular system?

Answer 37

Drain, filter, screen and absorb

Question 38

What does the lymph vascular system drain?

Answer 38

Excess fluid and plasma proteins from tissues and returns them to the blood

Question 39

What does the lymph vascular system filter?

Answer 39

Foreign material from the lymph

Question 40

What does the lymph vascular system screen?

Answer 40

Lymph for foreign antigens and responds by releasing antibodies and activated immune cells

Question 41

What does the lymph vascular system absorb?

Answer 41

Fat from intestine and transports it to blood

Question 42

How does the lymphatic system commence?

Answer 42

As large, blind ending capillaries

Question 43

What does the lymphatic system do from the small intestine?

Answer 43

A special group of lymphatic vessels called lacteals drain fat-laden lymph into a collecting vessel called the cisterna chyli

Question 44

What do larger (thin wall) collecting vessels have?

Answer 44

Numerous valves to prevent backflow

Question 45

How are lymph vessels described?

Answer 45

Thin walled (thinner than veins and arteries), no RBC's and has valves

Question 46

How is the body split when it comes to the lymphatic system?

Answer 46

The left side of the body and the right side of the body below the diaphragm are one section and the right side of the body above the diaphragm is another section

Question 47

What does the lymph from the left side of the body and the right side of the body below the diaphragm do?

Answer 47

Enter the thoracic duct and drain into the left subclavian vein

Question 48

What does the lymph from the right side of the body above the diaphragm do?

Answer 48

Enter the right lymphatic duct and drain into the right subclavian vein

Question 49

What does the small intestine virus contain?

Answer 49

A lacteal which drains to the cisterna chill and then to the thoracic duct

Question 50

Where are lymph nodes found?

Answer 50

Tend to be in clusters throughout the body but are also found separately

Question 51

What are some of the nodes in the body?

Answer 51

cervical, axillary and inguinal

Question 52

Where are cervical nodes?

Answer 52

In the neck

Question 53

Where are axillary nodes?

Answer 53

In the armpit

Question 54

Where are inguinal nodes?

Answer 54

In the groin

Question 55

What is found in the structure of a lymph node?

Answer 55

Afferent lymphatics, efferent lymphatics and lymphoid cells

Question 56

Where does the lymph enter lymph nodes?

Answer 56

Afferent lymphatics

Question 57

Where does the lymph leave lymph nodes?

Answer 57

Efferent lymphatics

Question 58

What does the lymph do in the lymph nodes?

Answer 58

Pass through a network of lymphoid cells which survey the fluid

Question 59

Where does lymphatic drainage of the breast start?

Answer 59

Lymphatic vessels of the breast

Question 60

What comes after lymphatic vessels of the breast?

Answer 60

Axillary lymph nodes

Question 61

What comes after axillary lymph nodes?

Answer 61

Right lymphatic duct

Question 62

What comes after right lymphatic duct?

Answer 62

Right subclavian vein

Question 63

How can metastatic cancer occur in the breast?

Answer 63

Breast tissue lymphatic drainage can carry cancer cells into the blood vascular system