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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 10: CONTROLLING THE HEART AND BLOOD PRESSURE > Flashcards

Lecture 10: CONTROLLING THE HEART AND BLOOD PRESSURE Flashcards

1
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

Generate pressure for the systemic circulation

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2
Q

What is the pressure in large systemic arteries?

A

High

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3
Q

What is the pressure in the systemic circuit linked to?

A

Ventricular contraction and ejection of blood

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4
Q

Where is the blood pressure pulsatile?

A

In major arteries (systolic/diastolic)

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5
Q

What is MAP?

A

Mean arterial pressure

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6
Q

What is mean arterial pressure?

A

A critically important determinant of blood flow

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7
Q

What is the blood pressure in major arteries?

A

High

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8
Q

Where is the blood pressure oscillatory?

A

In major arteries because of blood being ejected from the heart and this nature is reduced in the arterioles, capillaries and venules

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9
Q

Where does blood pressure fall steeply?

A

Across the arterioles, capillaries and venules

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10
Q

What is the blood pressure in veins?

A

Very low

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11
Q

Where is there a large difference in pressure?

A

Between arterial and venous sides

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12
Q

What does the large difference in pressure between arterial and venous sides do?

A

Create a driving force for blood flow

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13
Q

What does ejection of blood into the arterial system do?

A

Maintains arterial blood volume and blood pressure

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14
Q

What is the result of blood flowing?

A

Filling arteries, increasing arterial blood volume and raising arterial pressure

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15
Q

What is the result of blood flowing out?

A

Drains arteries, decreases arterial blood volume and lowers arterial pressure

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16
Q

What is arterial blood volume and pressure determined by?

A

Balance between blood flows in and out

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17
Q

What actions happen when blood flows in?

A

Ventricular contraction and ejection of blood (cardiac output)

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18
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Flow of blood out of ventricles into arteries per unit of time

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19
Q

What actions happen when blood flows out?

A

Capillary flow

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20
Q

What is blood flow out controlled by?

A

Resistance of the arteries

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21
Q

How can arterial volume and pressure be increased?

A

Increased cardiac output (increase in flow) and increased resistance (decrease outflow)

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22
Q

What is MAP equal to?

A

Cardiac output (CO) x Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

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23
Q

What is cardiac output determined by?

A

Stroke volume and heart rate

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24
Q

What is cardiac output equal to?

A

Stroke volume x Heart rate

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25
What is the units of cardiac output?
L/min
26
What is the units of stroke volume?
L/beat
27
What is the units of heart rate?
Beats/min
28
What is stroke volume also known as?
Contraction strength
29
What is heart rate also known as?
Contraction speed
30
What is the stroke volume and heart rate in small animals?
They have small hearts so a low stroke volume and a high heart rate to compensate
31
What is the stroke volume and heart rate in large animals?
They have large hearts so high stroke volume and a low heart rate to compensate
32
What is the stroke volume and heart rate in failing hearts?
Decreased stroke volume and increased heart rate to compensate
33
What happens to stroke volume and heart rate when exercising?
Both increase and so cardiac output therefore also increases
34
Why is cardiac output variable?
Due to changes in heart rate and/or stroke volume
35
What is tightly regulated within a narrow range?
Mean arterial pressure
36
Where is homeostasis of arterial blood pressure coordinated?
Within the brain stem
37
What maintains homeostasis of arterial blood pressure?
Afferent input and efferent output
38
Where is afferent input from?
Both the CNS and periphery
39
Where is efferent output to?
Heart and vessels
40
What are baroreceptors?
Blood pressure sensors
41
Where are baroreceptors heavily concentrated?
In the aortic arch and carotid artery
42
Where in arteries are baroreceptors found?
Embedded in the walls
43
What type of receptors are baroreceptors?
Stretch receptors
44
What do baroreceptors do?
Communicate to the brain via signals all the time
45
What happens when the pace of signal from baroreceptors stays the same?
Blood pressure is stable and no adjustments need to be made
46
What happens when the pace of the signal from baroreceptors increases?
They have sensed more stretch in the arteries because of the increased blood pressure. Changes will be made
47
What happens when the pace of the signal from the baroreceptors decreases?
They have sensed less stretch in the arteries because of the decreased blood pressure. Changes will be made
48
What does the brain use to communicate with the heart?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
49
What are the nerves used to communicate with the heart?
The vagus nerve and sympathetic cardiac nerves
50
What system is the vagus nerve part of?
Parasympathetic
51
What does the vagus nerve do to heart rate?
Decrease it
52
How doe the vagus nerve decrease heart rate?
It tells the SA node to beat slower and the AV node to pause the blood for longer
53
What system are the sympathetic cardiac nerves from?
Sympathetic
54
What does the sympathetic cardiac nerves do?
Increase heart rate and force of contraction
55
Where do sympathetic cardiac nerves travel?
From the brain, through the spinal cord and exits at the sympathetic trunk ganglion
56
How do the sympathetic cardiac nerves increase heart rate?
They cause the SA node to beat faster and the AV node to pause the blood for less time
57
How do the sympathetic nerves increase force of contraction?
They trigger the walls of the ventricles to release more calcium to form more cross bridges and cause stronger contraction, increasing stroke volume and therefore cardiac output.
58
What happens when the body is tilted upright?
Stroke volume falls as the vessels are working against gravity
59
Why doesn't cardiac output fall significantly when the body is tilted, even though stroke volume has?
Because the heart rate increases to compensate
60
What happens as a result of cardiac output falling slightly?
The mean arterial pressure also drops slightly initially
61
Why does mean arterial pressure raise again after falling slightly?
Because the total peripheral resistance is increased

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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