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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 10: CONTROLLING THE HEART AND BLOOD PRESSURE > Flashcards

Lecture 10: CONTROLLING THE HEART AND BLOOD PRESSURE Flashcards

1
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

Generate pressure for the systemic circulation

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2
Q

What is the pressure in large systemic arteries?

A

High

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3
Q

What is the pressure in the systemic circuit linked to?

A

Ventricular contraction and ejection of blood

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4
Q

Where is the blood pressure pulsatile?

A

In major arteries (systolic/diastolic)

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5
Q

What is MAP?

A

Mean arterial pressure

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6
Q

What is mean arterial pressure?

A

A critically important determinant of blood flow

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7
Q

What is the blood pressure in major arteries?

A

High

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8
Q

Where is the blood pressure oscillatory?

A

In major arteries because of blood being ejected from the heart and this nature is reduced in the arterioles, capillaries and venules

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9
Q

Where does blood pressure fall steeply?

A

Across the arterioles, capillaries and venules

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10
Q

What is the blood pressure in veins?

A

Very low

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11
Q

Where is there a large difference in pressure?

A

Between arterial and venous sides

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12
Q

What does the large difference in pressure between arterial and venous sides do?

A

Create a driving force for blood flow

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13
Q

What does ejection of blood into the arterial system do?

A

Maintains arterial blood volume and blood pressure

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14
Q

What is the result of blood flowing?

A

Filling arteries, increasing arterial blood volume and raising arterial pressure

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15
Q

What is the result of blood flowing out?

A

Drains arteries, decreases arterial blood volume and lowers arterial pressure

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16
Q

What is arterial blood volume and pressure determined by?

A

Balance between blood flows in and out

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17
Q

What actions happen when blood flows in?

A

Ventricular contraction and ejection of blood (cardiac output)

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18
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Flow of blood out of ventricles into arteries per unit of time

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19
Q

What actions happen when blood flows out?

A

Capillary flow

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20
Q

What is blood flow out controlled by?

A

Resistance of the arteries

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21
Q

How can arterial volume and pressure be increased?

A

Increased cardiac output (increase in flow) and increased resistance (decrease outflow)

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22
Q

What is MAP equal to?

A

Cardiac output (CO) x Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

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23
Q

What is cardiac output determined by?

A

Stroke volume and heart rate

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24
Q

What is cardiac output equal to?

A

Stroke volume x Heart rate

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25
Q

What is the units of cardiac output?

A

L/min

26
Q

What is the units of stroke volume?

A

L/beat

27
Q

What is the units of heart rate?

A

Beats/min

28
Q

What is stroke volume also known as?

A

Contraction strength

29
Q

What is heart rate also known as?

A

Contraction speed

30
Q

What is the stroke volume and heart rate in small animals?

A

They have small hearts so a low stroke volume and a high heart rate to compensate

31
Q

What is the stroke volume and heart rate in large animals?

A

They have large hearts so high stroke volume and a low heart rate to compensate

32
Q

What is the stroke volume and heart rate in failing hearts?

A

Decreased stroke volume and increased heart rate to compensate

33
Q

What happens to stroke volume and heart rate when exercising?

A

Both increase and so cardiac output therefore also increases

34
Q

Why is cardiac output variable?

A

Due to changes in heart rate and/or stroke volume

35
Q

What is tightly regulated within a narrow range?

A

Mean arterial pressure

36
Q

Where is homeostasis of arterial blood pressure coordinated?

A

Within the brain stem

37
Q

What maintains homeostasis of arterial blood pressure?

A

Afferent input and efferent output

38
Q

Where is afferent input from?

A

Both the CNS and periphery

39
Q

Where is efferent output to?

A

Heart and vessels

40
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Blood pressure sensors

41
Q

Where are baroreceptors heavily concentrated?

A

In the aortic arch and carotid artery

42
Q

Where in arteries are baroreceptors found?

A

Embedded in the walls

43
Q

What type of receptors are baroreceptors?

A

Stretch receptors

44
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

Communicate to the brain via signals all the time

45
Q

What happens when the pace of signal from baroreceptors stays the same?

A

Blood pressure is stable and no adjustments need to be made

46
Q

What happens when the pace of the signal from baroreceptors increases?

A

They have sensed more stretch in the arteries because of the increased blood pressure. Changes will be made

47
Q

What happens when the pace of the signal from the baroreceptors decreases?

A

They have sensed less stretch in the arteries because of the decreased blood pressure. Changes will be made

48
Q

What does the brain use to communicate with the heart?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

49
Q

What are the nerves used to communicate with the heart?

A

The vagus nerve and sympathetic cardiac nerves

50
Q

What system is the vagus nerve part of?

A

Parasympathetic

51
Q

What does the vagus nerve do to heart rate?

A

Decrease it

52
Q

How doe the vagus nerve decrease heart rate?

A

It tells the SA node to beat slower and the AV node to pause the blood for longer

53
Q

What system are the sympathetic cardiac nerves from?

A

Sympathetic

54
Q

What does the sympathetic cardiac nerves do?

A

Increase heart rate and force of contraction

55
Q

Where do sympathetic cardiac nerves travel?

A

From the brain, through the spinal cord and exits at the sympathetic trunk ganglion

56
Q

How do the sympathetic cardiac nerves increase heart rate?

A

They cause the SA node to beat faster and the AV node to pause the blood for less time

57
Q

How do the sympathetic nerves increase force of contraction?

A

They trigger the walls of the ventricles to release more calcium to form more cross bridges and cause stronger contraction, increasing stroke volume and therefore cardiac output.

58
Q

What happens when the body is tilted upright?

A

Stroke volume falls as the vessels are working against gravity

59
Q

Why doesn’t cardiac output fall significantly when the body is tilted, even though stroke volume has?

A

Because the heart rate increases to compensate

60
Q

What happens as a result of cardiac output falling slightly?

A

The mean arterial pressure also drops slightly initially

61
Q

Why does mean arterial pressure raise again after falling slightly?

A

Because the total peripheral resistance is increased

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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