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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 28: OVERVIEW AND GROSS STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY > Flashcards

Lecture 28: OVERVIEW AND GROSS STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY Flashcards

1
Q

What portion of a male is water?

A

60%

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2
Q

What portion of a female is water?

A

55%

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3
Q

What is the reason for the differences in water content between males and females?

A

Males have more muscle which holds water while females have more adipose which holds less water

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4
Q

What is the total body water made up of?

A

1/3 extracellular fluid and 2/3 intracellular fluid

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5
Q

What is crucial?

A

Balance of water (and solutes) in the body

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6
Q

How does the urinary system maintain balance?

A

By filtering the blood and expelling:

  • excess water
  • excess salts
  • wastes of metabolism
  • many toxins and drugs
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7
Q

How much blood flows through the kidney per minute?

A

1200 ml

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8
Q

How much urine is produced by a typical person in a day?

A

800-2000ml

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9
Q

What is urine?

A

Waste product excreted to maintain balance within the body

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10
Q

What is found in normal urine?

A

Water, salts, urea, metabolites, hormones and small proteins

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11
Q

Is urine pH regulated?

A

No, not tightly (4.6-8) as it is influenced by what is being excreted

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12
Q

What is urine useful for?

A

A diagnostic tool for disease states

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13
Q

What is in abnormal urine?

A

Large proteins (too big to be filtered), RBC’s (too big to be filtered) and glucose (filtered but completely reabsorbed)

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14
Q

What does the urinary system need to be effective?

A
  • delivery system for blood
  • selective filtration system (based largely on size)
  • filtrate recovery mechanism (reabsorption)
  • system to return recovered, filtered fluid to the body
  • system to remove filtrate from the body
  • protection
  • ability to communicate with relevant parts of the body
  • adaptable to meet the body’s changing needs
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15
Q

What are the main components of the urinary system?

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

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16
Q

What does the structure of the kidney allow?

A
  • blood to be brought into close proximity with the nephron for filtering
  • blood that has been filtered to leave the kidney
  • a pathway for urine to be removed from the kidney, stored and then excreted
  • protection
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17
Q

What vertebra are the kidneys between?

A

T12 and L3

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18
Q

What ribs are the kidneys near?

A

11th and 12th

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19
Q

Where does the convex side of the kidney face?

A

Laterally

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20
Q

What does the medial surface of the kidney have?

A

A concave notch called the hilum

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21
Q

What enters and exits the hilum of the kidneys?

A

renal blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and the ureter

22
Q

Are kidneys intra or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal - located on the posterior abdominal wall, covered on the anterior side by peritoneum

23
Q

What surrounds, supports and protects the kidneys?

A

Fat

24
Q

What kidney is found slightly lower?

A

The right kidney because the liver is found on that side and pushes it down slightly

25
Q

What are the three regions of the kidney?

A

Cortex, medulla and pelvis

26
Q

What surrounds the kidney?

A

A fibrous capsule

27
Q

What is the structure of inner medulla?

A

Divided into pyramids with each medullary pyramid ending in a papilla

28
Q

What is the structure of the outer cortex?

A

Continuous layer with renal columns

29
Q

What do the cortex and medulla form?

A

Functional lobes

30
Q

How many lobes per kidney?

A

5-11

31
Q

What does a lobe consist of?

A

One medullary pyramid and all the cortex that surrounds it (including the renal columns)

32
Q

What is the kidney lobes largely made of?

A

Nephrons - tiny tubes that filter from blood and create urine (thousands of these)

33
Q

Where does urine drain?

A

From each papilla and collects in a calyx

34
Q

What do calyces do?

A

Join to form the renal pelvis

35
Q

What does the pelvis do as it exits the hilum?

A

Narrows to become the ureter

36
Q

What is the path of urine travel?

A

papilla > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter

37
Q

What does a pyelogram show?

A

Where urine is present in the body

38
Q

How is urine produced?

A

By filtering waste from blood into the nephron

39
Q

What part of the kidney does filtration occur in?

A

The cortex

40
Q

What does the renal artery arise from?

A

The abdominal aorta and enters at the hilum

41
Q

What do branching arteries do?

A

Get smaller and smaller until they reach the cortex

42
Q

What area of the kidneys contains no vessels?

A

The medullary pyramids

43
Q

What do veins do?

A

Return filtered blood from the cortex into the renal vein to the inferior vena cava

44
Q

What is the path of blood supply into the cortex to be filtered?

A

Abdominal aorta > renal artery > series of arteries > afferent arteriole which delivers blood from the arteries to the glomerulus where filtration occurs > glomerular capillaries

45
Q

What is the glomerulus made up of?

A

Glomerular capillaries

46
Q

What is the path of blood supply away from the cortex after being filtered?

A

Glomerular capillary > efferent arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus to the > peritubular capillaries > series veins > renal vein > inferior vena cava

47
Q

What is the innervation of the kidneys from?

A

A network of autonomic nerves and ganglia called the renal plexus

48
Q

What do sympathetic nerves do?

A

Act to adjust the diameter of renal arterioles and therefore regulate blood flow

49
Q

What is a nephron?

A

A microscopic functional unit of the kidneys

50
Q

What is the bulk of the kidney made up of?

A

Nephrons

51
Q

What does the nephron do?

A

Filters blood, selectively reabsorbs or secretes and produces urine

52
Q

What are the components of the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle (glomerulus capsule and glomerulus), proximal convoluted tube, nephron loop, distal convoluted tube, collecting duct

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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