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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 5: ANATOMY OF THE HEAT, PART 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 5: ANATOMY OF THE HEAT, PART 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What valves does each side of the heart have?

A

A semilunar valve and an atrioventricular valve

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2
Q

Where is the atrioventricular valve found?

A

Between the atrium and the ventricle

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3
Q

Where is the semilunar valve found?

A

Between the ventricle and the outflow artery

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4
Q

What is the function of atrioventricular valves?

A

To prevent blood returning to the atria during ventricular contraction

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5
Q

What is the AV valve on the right side?

A

The tricuspid valve

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6
Q

How many leaflets/cusps does the tricuspid valve have?

A

3

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7
Q

What is the AV valve on the left side?

A

The bicuspid (mitral) valve

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8
Q

How many leaflets/cusps does the bicuspid valve have?

A

2

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9
Q

What is the filling phase called?

A

Diastole

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10
Q

What is the squeezing phase called?

A

(ventricular) systole

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11
Q

How is theAV valve during diastole?

A

Open to allow blood to drain into the ventricle

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12
Q

How is the semilunar valve during diastole?

A

Closed to prevent blood from leaving the ventricle

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13
Q

How is the AV valve in (ventricular) systole?

A

Closed to prevent blood flowing back into the atrium

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14
Q

How is the semilunar valve during (ventricular) systole?

A

Open to allow blood to exit the ventricle

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15
Q

What is the function of semilunar valves?

A

To prevent blood returning to ventricles during filling (diastole)

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16
Q

What is the semilunar valve on the right side?

A

The pulmonary (semilunar) valve

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17
Q

How many cusps does the pulmonary (semilunar) valve have?

A

3

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18
Q

What does the pulmonary (semilunar) valve control?

A

Flow into the pulmonary circulation

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19
Q

What is the semilunar valve on the left side?

A

The aortic (semilunar) valve

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20
Q

How many cusps does the aortic (semilunar) valve have?

A

3

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21
Q

What does the aortic (semilunar) valve control?

A

Flow from the left ventricle to the aorta

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22
Q

When are semilunar valves pushed open?

A

As blood flows out of the heart

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23
Q

When do semilunar valves close?

A

As the blood starts to backflow

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24
Q

What is the size comparison of AV and semilunar valves?

A

Semilunar valves are much smaller than AV valves

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25
Q

How is the AV leaflet described?

A

Large and flappy

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26
Q

What would the AV leaflet do if there was nothing preventing it shutting?

A

It would slam shut

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27
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

Finger-like projections of the ventricular wall

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28
Q

What do papillary muscles do?

A

Tension early in systole

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29
Q

What are chordous tendineae?

A

Tendonous chords which are attached to the tip of the papillary muscle and the AV leaflet

30
Q

Where is the tension in the papillary muscle transferred to?

A

The chord tneidneae

31
Q

What do the papillary muscles and chordous tendineae do?

A

Allow the AV leaflet to slowly move into place when closing

32
Q

Where does the first branch of the systemic circulation form the aorta go?

A

Straight to the heart (oxygenated blood)

33
Q

Where is the right coronary artery found?

A

Running in a groove in the epicardium between the right atrium and ventricle (oxygenated blood)

34
Q

Where does the left coronary artery run?

A

It runs a small distance and then branches into the circumflex artery and anterior inter ventricular artery (oxygenated blood)

35
Q

What is the right side of the heart drained by?

A

The small cardiac vein (deoxygenated blood)

36
Q

What is the left side of the heart drained by?

A

The great cardiac vein (deoxygenated blood)

37
Q

Where do the small cardiac vein and great cardiac vein join?

A

At the coronary sinus at the posterior of the heart

38
Q

What does the coronary sinus do?

A

Drain deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

39
Q

What is the width of a capillary?

A

About the width of a red blood cell so the distance for diffusing substances to travel is minimised

40
Q

What features does cardiac muscle have?

A

It has features of smooth and skeletal muscle as well as cardiac muscle specific specialisations

41
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

Beating of the heart

42
Q

Is cardiac muscle striated?

A

Yes, just like skeletal muscle but not smooth muscle

43
Q

How are the cells of cardiac muscle described?

A

Short, branced

44
Q

How wide are cardiac muscle cells?

A

Approximately 25 micrometres

45
Q

How many nuclei in cardiac muscle cells?

A

One (or occasionally 2) which is the same as smooth muscle but not skeletal

46
Q

How is the nucleus in cardiac muscle described?

A

Centrally positioned and oval shaped (in skeletal muscle the nucleus is pushed to the outsides)

47
Q

Where are cytoplasmic organelles in cardiac muscle?

A

Packed at the poles of the nucleus

48
Q

How are cardiac muscle cells connected?

A

By intercalated discs which are only found in cardiac muscle

49
Q

What volume of a cardiac muscle cell is mitochondria?

A

20%

50
Q

How are the sarcomeres arranged in cardiac muscle?

A

Irregular and branched (not linearly arranged as in skeletal)

51
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Regions between cardiomyocytes (cardiac muscle cells)

52
Q

What are the 3 junctions in intercalated discs?

A

Adhesion belts, desmosomes and gap junctions

53
Q

What do adhesion belts link?

A

Actin to actin via trasnmembrane proteins

54
Q

Where are adhesion belts found?

A

In the vertical portion and transfer force between cells

55
Q

What do desmosomes link?

A

Cytokeratin with cytokeratin

56
Q

What do gap junctions allow?

A

Electrochemical communication

57
Q

Where are gap junctions placed?

A

Parallel to the force of contraction because they are delicate junctions

58
Q

What does the conduction system of the heart actions do?

A

Greatly increase the efficiency of heart pumping

59
Q

What is the conduction system of the heart responsible for?

A

The co-ordination of heart contraction and atrioventricular valve action

60
Q

What alters the rate of conduction impulse generation?

A

Autonomic nerves

61
Q

What type of tissue is the conduction system of the heart?

A

Modified cardiac tissue, not nervous tissue

62
Q

Where does the conduction pathway of the heart begin?

A

At the superior aspect of the right atrium where there is a cluster of cells called the sinoatrial node

63
Q

Where does the conduction pathway go after the sinoatrial node?

A

Through the atrial chamber by internodal pathways

64
Q

Where do the internodal pathways reunite?

A

At the AV node which is the gateway into the ventricular chambers

65
Q

What comes after the AV node?

A

The AV bundle which goes down the inter ventricular septum into the tight snd left bundle branches

66
Q

What is the last part of the conduction system?

A

Purkinje fibres

67
Q

Where do purkinje fibres go?

A

They run up into the papillary muscles

68
Q

What do purkinje cells have?

A

Some peripheral myofibrils, mitochondria and glycogen

69
Q

Where is the nucleus of purkinje cells?

A

Central

70
Q

What junctions are found in purkinje cells?

A

Lots of gap junctions because involved in communication, some desmosomes and a few adhesion belts

71
Q

What portion of cardiac cells are purkinje cells?

A

1%

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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