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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 2: ANATOMY OF SKIN - Part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2: ANATOMY OF SKIN - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is hair found?

A

All over the body (only prominent on the head) except palms of hands and soles of feet

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2
Q

What does hair consist of?

A

Hair shaft, hair follicle, arrector pili muscle and sebaceous gland

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3
Q

What happens when the arrector pili muscle contracts?

A

Causes the hair to raise

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4
Q

What does a sebaceous gland do?

A

Produce sebum which acts as a natural moisturiser/water repellent

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5
Q

Where is sebum produced more?

A

On the head, shoulders and face

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6
Q

What is lanolin?

A

Sheep sebum which is used in skincare

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7
Q

What is acne?

A

Blockage of hair follicles and infection

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8
Q

What does increased sebum do?

A

Increase the risk of acne

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9
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

Eccrine and apocrine

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10
Q

Where are eccrine glands?

A

Everywhere

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11
Q

What is the role of eccrine glands?

A

Thermoregulation

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12
Q

What is the role of apocrine glands?

A

Specialised

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13
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands?

A

Situated deeper in the skin, release into base of the hair follicle

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14
Q

How are apocrine secretions described?

A

Oily

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of receptors?

A

Tactile, lamellar and bulbous

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16
Q

What receptor is deeper?

A

Lamellar are deeper than tactile receptors

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17
Q

What do nails do?

A

Protect fingertips and enhance sensation

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18
Q

What do sensory receptors require?

A

Deformation

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19
Q

What does high pigmentation do?

A

Protects from UV radiation

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20
Q

What does low pigmentation do?

A

Helps with vitamin D production

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21
Q

What does melanin pigment do?

A

Absorbs UV light to protect from UV damage (damage DNA)

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22
Q

Where is melanin produced?

A

In cells called melanocytes

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23
Q

How is melanin transported?

A

By melanosomes (vesicles) to the epidermal cells

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24
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Only in the stratum basale

25
Q

Do melanocytes shed?

A

No

26
Q

Where are melanosomes found?

A

Throughout the epidermis

27
Q

Do melanosomes shed?

A

Yes. With the keratinocytes

28
Q

Where does the density of melanocytes vary?

A

Throughout the body but not between races

29
Q

What is a mole?

A

Cluster of melanocytes

30
Q

What causes a mole?

A

Overproliferation can be cause by sun exposure

31
Q

What is a freckle?

A

Melanocytes overproducing melanosomes

32
Q

What causes a freckle?

A

Overproduction triggered by sun exposure

33
Q

What does more UV mean?

A

More pigment

34
Q

What does less UV mean?

A

Less pigment

35
Q

What is vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets

36
Q

What is vitamin D essential for?

A

Normal calcium metabolism and strong bones

37
Q

What does vitamin D deficiency also effect?

A

Mood

38
Q

What is UV exposure in skin required for?

A

Vitamin D synthesis

39
Q

Where is there a greater incidence of lightly pigmented skin?

A

At higher latitudes

40
Q

What people are more susceptible to Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Highly pigmented people, particularly at extreme latitudes

41
Q

What does New Zealand have one of the highest rates for worldwide?

A

Skin cancer

42
Q

What proportion of NZers are pakeha (European descent, mostly British)?

A

Large proportion (74%)

43
Q

What is the UV of NZ?

A

Intense (elliptical orbit of the sun, latitude, thin ozone)

44
Q

What country also has high skin cancer rates?

A

Australia

45
Q

What are the types of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma

46
Q

How is basal cell carcinoma described?

A

Common but relatively benign

47
Q

Where does basal cell carcinoma originate?

A

In the stratum basale

48
Q

Metastasis is ______ for basal cell carcinoma?

A

Rare

49
Q

What is metastatis?

A

Breaking off and moving to and growing in another part of the body

50
Q

How is Malignant melanoma described?

A

Rare but deadly if not treated

51
Q

Where does malignant melanoma originate?

A

In the melanocytes (pigmented)

52
Q

Malignant melanoma is ______ metastatic

A

Highly

53
Q

What does the mortality rate of malignant melanoma depend on?

A

The tutor (thickness and depth as it is more likely to get into the circulatory system and cause damage to organs)

54
Q

What is tattoo?

A

Artificial pigmentation (usually ink) deposited deep within the skin

55
Q

Where is the ink of a tattoo deposited?

A

Into the dermal layer so it is effective and doesn’t shed

56
Q

What is done with the tattoo ink?

A

It is captured inside the immune cells/scar tissue but not broken down

57
Q

What happens to lymph nodes in tattoo?

A

They may become pigmented as the tattoo breaks down

58
Q

What are the types of tattoo?

A

Trauma, decorative and cosmetic (e.g. eyebrows)

59
Q

What is the Polynesian connections of tattoos?

A

Maori, ta moko

Samoan, Pe’a

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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