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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 21: STOMACH AND PANCREAS > Flashcards

Lecture 21: STOMACH AND PANCREAS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shape of the stomach?

A

J-shaped organ

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2
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

At the base of the esophagus

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3
Q

What does the esophagus pass through?

A

The diaphragm at the oesophageal hiatus

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4
Q

What does the lower oesophageal sphincter do?

A

Prevent reflux. Relaxes to let food through and contracts to prevent reflux

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5
Q

What are the main parts of the stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, body and pylorus (pyloric antrum)

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6
Q

What does the lesser omentum do?

A

Connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

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7
Q

What does the greater omentum do?

A

Connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

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8
Q

What does the greater omentum contain?

A

Blood vessels, fat and immune cells

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9
Q

What is the muscularis of the stomach modified for?

A

Motility

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10
Q

What are the layers of the stomach muscularis?

A

Oblique (inner), circular (middle) and longitudinal (outer)

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11
Q

What is the thickness of the muscularis of the stomach?

A

Thicker in the pylorus (distal) compared to the cardia (proximal) as there is more mechanical digestion here

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12
Q

What are rugae?

A

Temporary folds that allow for the expansion of the stomach

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13
Q

What volume can the stomach expand to?

A

1.5L

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14
Q

What is the rugae important for?

A

Storage, as well as the sphincters

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15
Q

What is the structure of rugae?

A

They have a folded core of submucosa with overlying mucosa

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16
Q

What is the epithelium of gastric gland mucosa?

A

Simple columnar

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17
Q

What does folding of the gastric gland mucosa do?

A

Increase surface area for secretion (3L/day)

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18
Q

What are gastric glands?

A

Permanent

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19
Q

Where re gastric glands found?

A

In the mucosa only

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20
Q

What do we need from the gastric glands?

A

Acid and enzymes for digestion, mucous for protection and hormones for regulation of secretory and motility events

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21
Q

What cells are in the gastric pits?

A

Goblet cells

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22
Q

What do the goblet cells do?

A

Secrete mucous for protection

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23
Q

What cells are in the gastric glands?

A

Parietal cells, G cells and chief cells

24
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

Secrete acid (particularly HCl) and intrinsic factor (important for vitamin B12 absorption)

25
Q

What do G cells do?

A

Secrete hormones (gastrin)

26
Q

What do chief cells do?

A

Secrete pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of pepsin which digests proteins)

27
Q

What do chief cells produce?

A

Enzymes

28
Q

What is abundant in chief cells?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (as making proteins)

29
Q

What is apical in chief cells?

A

Zymogen granules (contain enzymes to be exocytosed)

30
Q

What is basal in chief cells?

A

Nucleus

31
Q

What do parietal cells produce?

A

Acid

32
Q

What is abundant in parietal cells?

A

Mitochondria

33
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

Pump hydrogen ions

34
Q

Where is the nucleus of parietal cells?

A

central

35
Q

Why is the parietal cell membrane folded?

A

To increase surface area for ion pumps for secretion

36
Q

What is the endocrine control of the stomach?

A

Endocrine cells of mucosa, gastrin and ghrelin secreted into the bloodstream

37
Q

What is the neural control of the stomach?

A

enteric nervous system (ENS) - local reflexes (primary control), CNS modulates ENS function- long neural reflexes

38
Q

What is needed between the stomach and small intestine?

A

Controlled releasee of digested material (chyme)

39
Q

How is controlled releasee into the SI achieved?

A

Pyloric sphincter

40
Q

What does acidic chyme do?

A

Enter the small intestine

41
Q

What is required from the stomach to small intestine?

A

Further digestion and protection from acidic chyme (mucous and neutralise acid)

42
Q

How is mucous provided?

A

By glands in the submucosa of the duodenum

43
Q

How is acid neutralised?

A

Enzymes and bicarbonate provided by pancreas

44
Q

What is the shape of the pancreas?

A

Round head in c shaped duodenum

45
Q

Where is the tail of the pancreas?

A

To the spleen

46
Q

What is the pancreas posterior to?

A

The stomach

47
Q

What does the pancreas have a duct into?

A

The duodenal lumen (bile duct + pancreatic duct = duodenal papilla)

48
Q

Where is the pancreas found?

A

Retroperitoneal

49
Q

Where does the bile duct meet the pancreatic duct?

A

At the entrance to the hepatopancreatic ampulla

50
Q

What does the duodenal papilla do?

A

Project into the duodenal lumen

51
Q

What is release into the pancreas controlled by?

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

52
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

inside, into blood

53
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic islet alpha cells secrete glucagon and pancreatic islet beta cells secrete insulin

54
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes and duct cells secrete biacrbonate

55
Q

What does exocrine mean?

A

Outside, into the GI tract

56
Q

What is the structure of pancreatic acinar cells?

A

Apical zymogen granules, basal nucleus and abundant rough ER

57
Q

What is the function of pancreatic acinar cells?

A

Secrete enzymes

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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