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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 23: LARGE INTESTINE AND LIVER > Flashcards

Lecture 23: LARGE INTESTINE AND LIVER Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the large intestine called the large intestine?

A

Because of its large diameter

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2
Q

What does the large intestine consist of?

A

Cecum, colon and rectum

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3
Q

What does the ileum empty into?

A

The cecum

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4
Q

What is the colon divided into?

A

Ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoidal

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5
Q

What is between the ascending and transverse colon?

A

Right colic (hepatic) flexure

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6
Q

What is between the transverse and descending colon?

A

Left colic (splenic) flexure

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7
Q

Where are the ascending and descending colon?

A

Retroperitoneal

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8
Q

Where are the transverse and sigmoidal colon?

A

Intraperitoneal

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9
Q

What does a barium enema enable?

A

X ray images of the large intestine to be taken to assess function

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10
Q

Where is the iliocecal valve?

A

At the junction between the small and large intestine

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11
Q

What does the ileocecal valve do?

A

Regulates the passage of material into the cecum and prevents back flow

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12
Q

What is found in the appendix?

A

A reserve of large intestine bacteria population. Also contains lymphoid tissue so could have an immune role

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13
Q

Where is the appendix found?

A

Attached to the cecum

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14
Q

What does inflammation of the appendix cause?

A

Appendicitis

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15
Q

What are features of the large intestine?

A

Teniae coli, haustra and omental appendices

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16
Q

What are the teniae coli?

A

Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle

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17
Q

What are haustra?

A

Series of pouches in the wall of the colon separated by semilunar folds

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18
Q

What are omental appendices?

A

Sacs of fat for storage

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19
Q

What are teniae coli a modification of?

A

The muscularis layer (inner circular is still the same)

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20
Q

How many teniae coli are there?

A

Three bands of (outer) longitudinal smooth muscle

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21
Q

What does the teniae coli allow?

A

Stronger contraction to move things through the large intestine

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22
Q

Is there villi in the large intestine?

A

No, because the large surface area for absorption isn’t required

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23
Q

What does the mucosa do in the large intestine?

A

invaginate to form intestinal glands

24
Q

What does the mucosa consist of?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae

25
Q

Does the muscularis mucosae invaginate?

A

No

26
Q

what is the function of the mucosa of the large intestine?

A

Water and salt/electrolyte absorption

27
Q

How does the large intestine mucosa perform its function?

A

Goblet cells produce mucous (protection and lubrication)

28
Q

What marks the boundary where the epithelium changes?

A

Anal columns

29
Q

What is the epithelium before the anal column?

A

Simple columnar

30
Q

What is the epithelium after the anal columns?

A

Stratified squamous which becomes continuous with the epidermis of the skin

31
Q

Why does the anal canal have stratified squamous epithelium?

A

For protection from abrasion

32
Q

What is the internal anal sphincter?

A

Smooth muscle under involuntary control

33
Q

What is the external anal sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle under voluntary control

34
Q

What does movement of faeces into the rectum do?

A

Stimulates stretch receptors

35
Q

What happens to the internal anal sphincter when the stretch receptors are stimulated?

A

They relax (involuntary)

36
Q

What happens to the external anal sphincter when the stretch receptors are stimulated?

A

It is contracting until a conscious decision to defacate is made and it relaxes

37
Q

Where is the liver found?

A

In the superior right quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity

38
Q

what is the function of the liver?

A

It has lots but primarily produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder found under the liver

39
Q

How much of cardiac output does the liver receive?

A

Approximately 25%

40
Q

Where s 1/3 of the livers blood supply from?

A

The hepatic artery which branches off the abdominal artery

41
Q

Where is the rest of the livers blood supply from?

A

The hepatic portal vein which carries nutrient rich, deoxygenated blood from the small intestines to be processed by hepatocytes

42
Q

What do the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct travel through?

A

The lesser omentum

43
Q

What is the liver made up of?

A

Functional hexagonal units called lobules

44
Q

What are liver cells called?

A

Hepatocytes

45
Q

How are hepatocytes arranged?

A

In rows

46
Q

What do hepatocytes do?

A

Produce bile

47
Q

What are between rows of hepatocytes?

A

Liver sinusoids

48
Q

What is between hepatocytes?

A

Bile canalicul (channels to reach the duct)

49
Q

What is a portal triad made of?

A

Branch of hepatic artery, branch of portal vein and a bile duct

50
Q

Where does blood flow in the liver?

A

Towards the central vein

51
Q

What happens with blood in the liver?

A

It is processed by the hepatocytes (removes toxins) which produce bile

52
Q

Where is bile secreted?

A

Into canaliculi and travels to the bile duct

53
Q

What do central veins drain into?

A

The hepatic vein which drains into the inferior vena cava

54
Q

Where does bile from the live travel?

A

To the gall bladder where it is stored and concentrated

55
Q

What does the bile duct join with?

A

The pancreatic duct at hepatopancreatic ampulla to form the hepatopancreatic duct

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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