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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 35: MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 35: MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the scrotum do?

A

House the testes away from the body to maintain temperature at approximately 34 degrees

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2
Q

What is the scrotum lined by?

A

The dartos muscle which contracts to wrinkle the skin and reduce the surface area for heat exchange

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3
Q

What does the cremaster muscle do?

A

Contracts to bring testes closer to to the body for heat conservation

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4
Q

How many spermatic cords are there?

A

2

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5
Q

Where do the spermatic cords run?

A

Between the abdomen and testes

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6
Q

What do the spermatic cords contain?

A

Ductus deferens, blood vessels (testicular arteries and veins), nerves and lymphatics

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7
Q

What are the functions of the penis?

A

Urination and copulation (insemination)

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8
Q

What shaped organ is the penis?

A

Cylindrical

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9
Q

What are the components of the penis?

A

Root (bulb), body (mobile part) and glans covered by prepuce/foreskin

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10
Q

What are the erectile tissues in the penis?

A

Two corpora cavernosa (corpus cavernosum) and one corpus spongiosum

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11
Q

What is the main erectile tissue?

A

Corpus cavernosum

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12
Q

What erectile tissue is on the dorsal aspect?

A

Corpus cavernosum

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13
Q

What does the corpus spongiosum contain?

A

The urethra

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14
Q

What does the corpus spongiosum form?

A

Bulb and glans

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15
Q

What erectile tissue is on the ventral aspect?

A

Corpus spongiosum

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16
Q

How are spermatozoa carried into the female reproductive tract?

A

In seminal fluid (together called semen)

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17
Q

What is seminal fluid produced by?

A

Three accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland)

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18
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A

Two glands located posterior to the bladder and lateral to the ampulla

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19
Q

What do seminal vesicles produce?

A

Viscous secretion

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20
Q

What portion of semen comes from the seminal vesicles?

A

60%

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21
Q

What are the properties of seminal fluid from the seminal vesicles?

A

Alkaline pH protects sperm against acidic environment in the male urethra and female vagins

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22
Q

Where are the prostate glands located?

A

Inferior to the bladder and wraps around the prostatic urethra

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23
Q

What amount of semen comes from the prostate gland?

A

30%

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24
Q

What is the seminal fluid from the prostate gland like?

A

Slightly acidic and milky

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25
Q

What does seminal fluid from the prostate gland contain?

A

PSA: prostate specific androgen

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26
Q

What does seminal fluid from the prostate gland contribute to?

A

Sperm activation, viability and motility

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27
Q

What is the remaining 5% of semen?

A

Spermatozoa

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28
Q

What are the bulbourethral glands?

A

Two glands located in the urogenital diaphragm

29
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands open into?

A

The spongy/penile urethra

30
Q

What amount of semen volume comes from the bulbourethral glands?

A

5%

31
Q

What does the secretion from the bulbourethral gland do?

A

Lubricate and neutralise acidity in the urethra prior to ejaculation

32
Q

What is vasectomy?

A

Surgical method of sterilisation in males

33
Q

What happens in vasectomy?

A

Cuts the ductus deferens (cut ends tied or cauterised) so there is no spermatozoa in the semen

34
Q

what is gametogenesis?

A

Formation of gametes (sex cells)

35
Q

What is gametogenesis in males?

A

Spermatogenesis

36
Q

What is gametogenesis in females?

A

oogenesis

37
Q

What control is gametogenesis under?

A

Hormonal

38
Q

How does gametogenesis occur?

A

Via mitosis and meiosis

39
Q

What do cells in gametogenesis need to be?

A

Haploid (23 chromosomes)

40
Q

What does the original cell in meiosis have?

A

46 chromosomes (is diploid/2n)

41
Q

How many cycles of division to produce gametes?

A

2 (23 chromosomes=haploid/n)

42
Q

What happens in meiosis 1?

A

2 haploid cells produced from 1 original diploid cell

43
Q

What happens in meiosis 2?

A

Each cell produced from meiosis 1 divides to produce two haploid cells with 23 chromosome cells

44
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The process by which spermatogonia are transformed to mature spermatozoa (sperm)

45
Q

When does spermatogenesis occur?

A

From puberty onwards

46
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

In the seminiferous tubules

47
Q

What happens in spermatogenesis 1?

A

Spermatogonia divide by mitosis into 2 daughter cells (diploid-46 chromosomes)

48
Q

What do Type A spermatogonium do?

A

Stay at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule

49
Q

What do spermatogonia Type B do?

A

Differentiate into a primary spermatocyte (diploid) which undergoes meiosis 1

50
Q

What does spermatogenesis 2 form?

A

2 secondary spermatocytes (haploid - 23 chromosomes)

51
Q

What do secondary spermatocytes do?

A

Undergo meiosis 2 to form spermatids (haploid)

52
Q

What do spermatids do?

A

Differentiate into spermatozoa with a head, body and tail via spermiogenesis

53
Q

Where are spermatozoa released?

A

Into the lumen of seminiferous tubules

54
Q

What is a gonadotropin?

A

A hormone that acts on the gonads

55
Q

What is GnRH?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone produced by the hypothalamus

56
Q

What is LH?

A

Luteinzing hormone (a gonadotropin) produced by the anterior pituitary

57
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (a gonadotropin) produced by the anterior pituitary

58
Q

Where is inhibin secreted from?

A

Nurse (sertoli) cells

59
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

By interstitial endocrine (leydig) cells

60
Q

What is testosterone a type of?

A

Androgen

61
Q

What are androgens?

A

A group of steroid hormones

62
Q

What are androgens responsible for?

A

Male characteristics (maturation of sex organs, spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics, libido)

63
Q

What are synthetic androgens?

A

Steroids for a therapeutic response

64
Q

What does GnRH stimulate?

A

The anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH

65
Q

What does LH stimulate?

A

Production of testosterone (interstitial endocrine/leydig cells)

66
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A

Inhibit production by nurse cells

67
Q

What hormones control spermatogenesis?

A

FSH and testosterone

68
Q

What does inhibit do?

A

Suppresses FSH

69
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Suppresses LH, FSH and GnRH

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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