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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 1: ANATOMY OF THE SKIN - Part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1: ANATOMY OF THE SKIN - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Skin is the…

A

largest and most (only) visible organ of the body

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2
Q

What portion of body weight is skin?

A

16%

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3
Q

What surface area is skin?

A

1.5-2 square metres

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4
Q

What makes humans unique?

A

Our bare (not much hair), sweaty (lots of sweat glands) skin

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5
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A

Protect, excrete, maintain, produce, synthesise, store and detect

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6
Q

What does the skin protect?

A

Underlying tissues and organs against impact, abrasion, fluid loss and chemical attack

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7
Q

What does the skin excrete?

A

Salts, water and organic wastes by integumentary glands

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8
Q

What does the skin maintain?

A

Normal body temperature through either insulation or evaporative cooling as needed (thermoregulation)

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9
Q

What does the skin produce?

A

Melanin and keratin

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10
Q

What does melanin do?

A

Protect underlying tissue from ultraviolet radiation

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11
Q

What does keratin do?

A

Protect against abrasion and serves as a water repellent (hair and nails)

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12
Q

What does the skin synthesise?

A

Vitamin D3, a steroid that is subsequently converted into calcitriol, which is a hormone important to normal calcium metabolism

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13
Q

What does the skin store?

A

Lipids in adipocytes in the dermis and in adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer

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14
Q

What does the skin detect?

A

Touch, pressure, pain, and temperature stimuli, and relay that information to the nervous system

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15
Q

What happens at the chemical level?

A

Atoms combine to form molecules

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16
Q

What happens at the cellular level?

A

Molecules interact to form cells that secrete and regulate extracellular materials and fluids

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17
Q

What happens at the tissue level?

A

Cells and extracellular materials and fluids combine to form tissues

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18
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Cover exposed surfaces, line internal passageways and chambers and form secretory glands

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19
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Fill internal spaces, provide structural support and store energy

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20
Q

What does muscle tissue do?

A

Contract to produce movement. Includes skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle

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21
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

Conduct electrical impulses and carry information

22
Q

What tissue is skin made of?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

23
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis

24
Q

What is in the cutaneous layer?

A

Epidermis and dermis

25
Q

What is in the subcutaneous layer?

A

Hypodermis

26
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Stratified barrier, mostly keratinocytes ( cells with large amounts of keratin), no circulation (avascular)

27
Q

What happens id a cut doesn’t go beyond the epidermis?

A

No bleeding

28
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Protein fibres for strength and vascular (nourishes epidermis)

29
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

Adipose tissue- insulation

30
Q

What is within the dermis?

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

31
Q

Describe the border between the epidermis and dermis

A

Has papule which increase surface area for nourishment

32
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum, Stratum lucid (in thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

33
Q

What are the cells of the stratum corneum?

A

Dead dried out hard cells without nuclei which can be completely removed by strip-taping

34
Q

What are the cells of the stratum granulosum?

A

Contain granules that promote dehydration of the cell, cross linking of keratin fibres. Waxy material is secreted into the intercellular spaces

35
Q

What are the cells of the stratum spinosum?

A

Intercellular bridges called desmosomes link the cells together. The cells become increasingly flattened as they move upward

36
Q

What are the cells of the stratum basal?

A

Columnar (tall) regenerative cells. As the basal cell divides and differentiates, a daughter cell migrates upwards to replenish layers above

37
Q

What are simple epithelia?

A

Single layers of cells

38
Q

What are the types of epithelia?

A

Squamous, cuboidal and columnar

39
Q

What are stratified epithelia?

A

Multiple layers of cells

40
Q

What type of epithelial cell is the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous

41
Q

What skin layers shed?

A

The epidermis and not the dermis

42
Q

What protein fibres are in the dermis?

A

Collagen and elastin

43
Q

Where is thick skin found?

A

Palms of hands and soles of feet

44
Q

What are the characteristics of thick skin?

A

No hair, extra epidermal layer (stratum lucidum) for extra rigidity, stratum corneum much thicker but other layers the same

45
Q

What happens to the epidermis in ageing?

A

Thinner and drier (less sebum and fewer active follicles)

46
Q

What happens to the dermis in ageing?

A

Thinner (sagging and wrinkling), reduced collagen

47
Q

What happens to skin repair in ageing?

A

Slower

48
Q

What happens to cooling in ageing?

A

Impaired (less sweat/sweat glands)

49
Q

What happens to pigmentation in ageing?

A

Less. Pale skin, grey hair

50
Q

What is the relationship between smoking and skin ageing?

A

Smoking increases skin ageing

51
Q

What does smoking do?

A

“reactive oxygen” damages collagen and elastin. vasoconstriction - nicotine increases vasopressin

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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